diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f68566f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+*.swp
+.python-version
+.ipynb_checkpoints
+.idea
+.iml
+__pycache__
diff --git a/000/ch_000.ipynb b/000/ch_000.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c831095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/000/ch_000.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "test\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('test')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Hello world"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "julia R"
+   ]
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/001/ch_001.ipynb b/001/ch_001.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..386e5eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/001/ch_001.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1977 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Python基础语法"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## hello world"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "hello world\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('hello world')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "单独出现的字面常量无意义"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'abc'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "3\n",
+    "'abc'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "强类型"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-3-aab9e8ede4f7>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'abc'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "1 + 'abc'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "动态语言"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "int"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 5,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "str"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 'abc'\n",
+    "type(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "原始类型"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "int  float byte"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "复合类型"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "由其他原始类型组合起来的类型"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "list dict"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 算术运算符"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 10\n",
+    "b = 20"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "30"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 8,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a + b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-10"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a - b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "200"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 10,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a * b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a / b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "10"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a % b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "100000000000000000000"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a ** b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a // b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 位运算符"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'0b111100'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bin(60)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'0b1101'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bin(13)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "a = 0011 1100\n",
+    "\n",
+    "b = 0000 1101"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 60\n",
+    "b = 13"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "12"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 18,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a & b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "0011 1100\n",
+    "\n",
+    "0000 1101\n",
+    "\n",
+    "\n",
+    "0000 1100"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "12"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('1100', 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "61"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a | b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "0011 1100\n",
+    "\n",
+    "0000 1101\n",
+    "\n",
+    "0011 1101"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "bin() takes exactly one argument (2 given)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-21-bb550008e5fd>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mbin\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'111101'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: bin() takes exactly one argument (2 given)"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bin('111101', 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "61"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('111101', 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "49"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a ^ b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "0011 1100\n",
+    "\n",
+    "0000 1101\n",
+    "\n",
+    "0011 0001"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "49"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('110001', 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-61"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 25,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "~a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "0011 1100\n",
+    "\n",
+    "1100 0011"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "195"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 26,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('11000011',2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "67"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 27,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "int('1000011', 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 比较运算符"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 10\n",
+    "b = 20"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a == b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 30,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a != b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a < b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a > b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a <= b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 34,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a >= b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 逻辑运算符"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = True\n",
+    "b = False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 36,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a and b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a or b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 38,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "not a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 逻辑运算符的短路功能"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1 + 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 39,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def add(x, y):\n",
+    "    print(\"%d + %d\" % (x, y))\n",
+    "    return x+y\n",
+    "\n",
+    "add(1, 2) > 4 and add(2, 3) == 5"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2 + 3\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 40,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(2, 3) == 5 or add(1, 2) > 4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 其他运算符"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = b"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 43,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`is` vs `==`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 44,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "1000 == 1000"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 45,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "1000 is 1000"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 46,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[1, 2, 3] == [1, 2, 3]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[1, 2, 3] is [1, 2, 3]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4505415432"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 48,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id([1, 2, 3])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4505415944"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 49,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id([1, 2, 3])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4504861488"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(1000)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4504861648"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(1000)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-52-9b1c163c1a79>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-52-9b1c163c1a79>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    is None\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m     ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "is None"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "表达式"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a and (1+2) < 3 "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 56,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a if a > 0 else 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "a\n",
+      "b\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "if True:\n",
+    "    print('a')\n",
+    "    print('b')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "if False:\n",
+    "    print('flase')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = -4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "if a > 0:\n",
+    "    a = 5\n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    a = 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 62,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "a > 0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 4\n",
+    "if a > 5:\n",
+    "    print('a > 5')\n",
+    "elif a > 0:\n",
+    "    print('a > 0')\n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print('a < 0')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "a > 0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 4\n",
+    "if a > 5:\n",
+    "    print('a > 5')\n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    if a > 0:\n",
+    "        print('a > 0')\n",
+    "    else:\n",
+    "        print('a < 0')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "4\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = 4\n",
+    "while a > 0:\n",
+    "    print(a)\n",
+    "    a -= 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "4\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
+    "for i in li:\n",
+    "    print(i)\n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "range(0, 10)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "range(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "r = range(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'range' object is not an iterator",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-3-0b5056469c9c>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mnext\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'range' object is not an iterator"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "next(r)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<range_iterator at 0x10473ca80>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "iter(r)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 5,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(range(10))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(range(5, 10))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 7,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(range(0, 10, 2))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "5\n",
+      "6\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for x in range(10):\n",
+    "    print(x)\n",
+    "    if x > 5:\n",
+    "        break"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0\n",
+      "\t 0\n",
+      "\t 1\n",
+      "\t 2\n",
+      "\t 3\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "\t 0\n",
+      "\t 1\n",
+      "\t 2\n",
+      "\t 3\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "\t 0\n",
+      "\t 1\n",
+      "\t 2\n",
+      "\t 3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for x in range(3):\n",
+    "    print(x)\n",
+    "    for i in range(5):\n",
+    "        print('\\t %d' % i)\n",
+    "        if i > 2:\n",
+    "            break"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "----\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "5\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "7\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "----\n",
+      "9\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for x in range(10):\n",
+    "    print('----')\n",
+    "    if x % 2 == 0:\n",
+    "        continue\n",
+    "    print(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0\n",
+      "1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for x in range(10):\n",
+    "    if x > 1:\n",
+    "        break\n",
+    "    print(x)\n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print('###')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "ok\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for x in range(0, 10, 2):\n",
+    "    if x % 2 != 0:\n",
+    "        break\n",
+    "else:\n",
+    "    print('ok')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "is_ok = True\n",
+    "for x in range(0, 10, 2):\n",
+    "    if x % 2 != 0:\n",
+    "        is_ok = False\n",
+    "        break\n",
+    "\n",
+    "if is_ok:\n",
+    "    print('ok')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/002/ch_002.ipynb b/002/ch_002.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e104bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/002/ch_002.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,3488 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 内置容器"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 定义列表"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li = []\n",
+    "li = list()\n",
+    "li = [1, 2, 3]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on class list in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class list(object)\n",
+      " |  list() -> new empty list\n",
+      " |  list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self+value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
+      " |      Return key in self.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __delitem__(self, key, /)\n",
+      " |      Delete self[key].\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self==value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self>=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getitem__(...)\n",
+      " |      x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self>value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __iadd__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement self+=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __imul__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement self*=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+      " |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self<=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __len__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return len(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self<value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self*value.n\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self!=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __reversed__(...)\n",
+      " |      L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self*value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __setitem__(self, key, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Set self[key] to value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __sizeof__(...)\n",
+      " |      L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  append(...)\n",
+      " |      L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  clear(...)\n",
+      " |      L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  copy(...)\n",
+      " |      L.copy() -> list -- a shallow copy of L\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  count(...)\n",
+      " |      L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  extend(...)\n",
+      " |      L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  index(...)\n",
+      " |      L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.\n",
+      " |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  insert(...)\n",
+      " |      L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  pop(...)\n",
+      " |      L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).\n",
+      " |      Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  remove(...)\n",
+      " |      L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value.\n",
+      " |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  reverse(...)\n",
+      " |      L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  sort(...)\n",
+      " |      L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE*\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+      " |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __hash__ = None\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(list)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function append:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "append(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.append(object) -> None -- append object to end\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.append)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.append(4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "append() takes exactly one argument (3 given)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-7-5b2420e99acb>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mli\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mappend\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m7\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: append() takes exactly one argument (3 given)"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.append(5, 6, 7)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function extend:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "extend(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.extend(iterable) -> None -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.extend)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.extend([5, 6, 7])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function insert:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "insert(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.insert)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.insert(0, 0)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function remove:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "remove(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.remove(value) -> None -- remove first occurrence of value.\n",
+      "    Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.remove)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.remove(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.extend([3, 3, 3])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 3, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.remove(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 21,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "list.remove(x): x not in list",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-22-6d514c7eba82>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mli\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mremove\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: list.remove(x): x not in list"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.remove(8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function pop:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "pop(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).\n",
+      "    Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.pop)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 25,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.pop()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 26,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 27,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.pop(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 28,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "IndexError",
+     "evalue": "pop index out of range",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-29-10d700f769a3>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mli\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m7\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: pop index out of range"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.pop(7)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "IndexError",
+     "evalue": "pop from empty list",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-30-818409a8e42d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mIndexError\u001b[0m: pop from empty list"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[].pop()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function clear:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "clear(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.clear() -> None -- remove all items from L\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.clear)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.clear()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 34,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.extend(range(5))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.extend(range(3, 8))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function reverse:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "reverse(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.reverse)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.reverse()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 40,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function sort:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "sort(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.sort(key=None, reverse=False) -> None -- stable sort *IN PLACE*\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.sort)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.sort()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 43,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li.sort(reverse=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 45,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function count:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "count(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.count)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.count(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 48,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.count(6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 49,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.count(8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function index:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "index(...) method of builtins.list instance\n",
+      "    L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.\n",
+      "    Raises ValueError if the value is not present.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(li.index)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.index(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 52,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.index(3, 6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.index(3, 6, 8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "8 is not in list",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-55-ea2a6e8179f4>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mli\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindex\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: 8 is not in list"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.index(8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 56,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li.copy()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "l2 = li.copy()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "l3 = li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 59,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 60,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l3 "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4515406280"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 61,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(li)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4526095240"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 62,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(l2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4515406280"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(l3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "l2.clear()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 0]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 66,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 67,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l3.pop()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 69,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "t = ()\n",
+    "t = tuple()\n",
+    "t = (1, 2, 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(1, 2, 3)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 71,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "t"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-72-d7bb3c58ee7f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "t[0] = 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[7, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 73,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "7"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 74,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "li[0] = 10"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[10, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 76,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[10, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 77,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[4, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 78,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[3:5]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[10, 6, 5, 4, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 79,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[:5]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 80,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[3:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[10, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 81,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[:]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[4, 3, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 82,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[4:-2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[3, 3, 2]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 83,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[-4:-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 84,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[2:6:2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[10, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 85,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[3, 3, 4, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 86,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[6:2:-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 10]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 87,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[::-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[10, 5, 4, 3, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 88,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "li[::2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "x, y = (1, 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 90,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 90,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 91,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "t = 1, 2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(1, 2)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 93,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "t"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "[2, 3, 4]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x, *y = (1, 2, 3, 4)\n",
+    "print(x)\n",
+    "print(y)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "*x, y = (1, 2, 3, 4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 96,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 97,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "x, *_, y = (1, 2, 3, 4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 99,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 100,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 100,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x, *_, y, z = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n",
+    "print(x)\n",
+    "print(y)\n",
+    "print(z)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x, (y, z) = (1, (2, 3))\n",
+    "print(x)\n",
+    "print(y)\n",
+    "print(z)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2\n",
+      "1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x = 1\n",
+    "y = 2\n",
+    "x, y = y, x\n",
+    "print(x)\n",
+    "print(y)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 104,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = set()\n",
+    "s = set({1, 2, 3})"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 105,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{1, 2, 3}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 105,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 106,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = {1, 2, 3}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 107,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = {}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 108,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 108,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 109,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "dict"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 109,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(s)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 110,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = {1, 2, 3}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.add(4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{1, 2, 3, 4}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 112,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.add(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{1, 2, 3, 4}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 114,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 115,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.update([3, 4, 5, 6])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 116,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 116,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 117,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.remove(1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 118,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{2, 3, 4, 5, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 118,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 119,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function discard:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "discard(...) method of builtins.set instance\n",
+      "    Remove an element from a set if it is a member.\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    If the element is not a member, do nothing.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.discard)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 120,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "KeyError",
+     "evalue": "10",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-120-99f2b84d3df8>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mremove\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m10\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 10"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.remove(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 121,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.discard(10)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 122,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{2, 3, 4, 5, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 122,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 123,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.discard(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 124,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{2, 4, 5, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 124,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 125,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 125,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.pop()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 126,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{4, 5, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 126,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 127,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s2 = {3, 4, 5}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 128,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{3, 4, 5, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 128,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.union(s2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 129,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{4, 5}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 129,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.intersection(s2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 130,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 130,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.difference(s2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 132,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{3}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 132,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s2.difference(s)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 133,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{3, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 133,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.symmetric_difference(s2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 134,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on set object:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class set(object)\n",
+      " |  set() -> new empty set object\n",
+      " |  set(iterable) -> new set object\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Build an unordered collection of unique elements.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __and__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self&value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __contains__(...)\n",
+      " |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self==value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self>=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self>value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __iand__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self&=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+      " |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ior__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self|=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __isub__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self-=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ixor__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self^=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self<=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __len__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return len(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self<value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self!=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __or__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self|value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __rand__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return value&self.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
+      " |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ror__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return value|self.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __rsub__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return value-self.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __rxor__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return value^self.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __sizeof__(...)\n",
+      " |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __sub__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self-value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __xor__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self^value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  add(...)\n",
+      " |      Add an element to a set.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      This has no effect if the element is already present.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  clear(...)\n",
+      " |      Remove all elements from this set.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  copy(...)\n",
+      " |      Return a shallow copy of a set.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  difference(...)\n",
+      " |      Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  difference_update(...)\n",
+      " |      Remove all elements of another set from this set.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  discard(...)\n",
+      " |      Remove an element from a set if it is a member.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      If the element is not a member, do nothing.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  intersection(...)\n",
+      " |      Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  intersection_update(...)\n",
+      " |      Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isdisjoint(...)\n",
+      " |      Return True if two sets have a null intersection.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  issubset(...)\n",
+      " |      Report whether another set contains this set.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  issuperset(...)\n",
+      " |      Report whether this set contains another set.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  pop(...)\n",
+      " |      Remove and return an arbitrary set element.\n",
+      " |      Raises KeyError if the set is empty.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  remove(...)\n",
+      " |      Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  symmetric_difference(...)\n",
+      " |      Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  symmetric_difference_update(...)\n",
+      " |      Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  union(...)\n",
+      " |      Return the union of sets as a new set.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  update(...)\n",
+      " |      Update a set with the union of itself and others.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+      " |  Data and other attributes defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __hash__ = None\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 135,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{4, 5, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 135,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 138,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 138,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.issubset({3,  5, 6})"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 140,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 140,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.issuperset({4, 5, 3})"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 141,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 141,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.isdisjoint({3, 4})"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.isdisjoint()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 142,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d = {}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 143,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d = dict()\n",
+    "d = {'a': 1, 'b':2}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 144,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 1, 'b': 2}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 144,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 145,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 145,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d['a']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 146,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d['a'] = 5"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 147,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 5, 'b': 2}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 147,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 148,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "KeyError",
+     "evalue": "'c'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-148-3e4d85f12902>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'c'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'c'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d['c']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 149,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "dict_keys(['b', 'a'])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 149,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.keys()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 150,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2\n",
+      "5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for key in d.keys():\n",
+    "    print(d[key])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 151,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "dict_values([2, 5])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 151,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.values()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 152,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2\n",
+      "5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for v in d.values():\n",
+    "    print(v)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 153,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "dict_items([('b', 2), ('a', 5)])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 153,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.items()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 154,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "b => 2\n",
+      "a => 5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for k, v in d.items():\n",
+    "    print('%s => %s' % (k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 155,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "pop expected at least 1 arguments, got 0",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-155-c3f74e487764>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: pop expected at least 1 arguments, got 0"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.pop()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 156,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function pop:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "pop(...) method of builtins.dict instance\n",
+      "    D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.\n",
+      "    If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(d.pop)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 157,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 157,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.pop('a')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 158,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "KeyError",
+     "evalue": "'c'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-158-adf338c8a0db>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'c'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'c'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.pop('c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 159,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 159,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.pop('c', 6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 160,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'b': 2}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 160,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 161,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d['c'] = 6"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 162,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'b': 2, 'c': 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 162,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 163,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "('b', 2)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 163,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.popitem()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d.popitem"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/002/dict.ipynb b/002/dict.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42fe2e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/002/dict.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 字典"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d = {}\n",
+    "d = dict()\n",
+    "d = {\"a\":1, \"b\":2}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 获取元素"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d['a']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.get('a')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "KeyError",
+     "evalue": "'c'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-4-3e4d85f12902>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'c'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'c'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d['c']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d.get('c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function get:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "get(...) method of builtins.dict instance\n",
+      "    D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(d.get)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'abc'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 7,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.get('c', 'abc')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 增加和修改元素"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d['a'] = 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 3, 'b': 2}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d['c'] = 4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 4}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 删除元素"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.pop('c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 3, 'b': 2}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "KeyError",
+     "evalue": "'c'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-14-adf338c8a0db>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0md\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpop\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'c'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'c'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.pop('c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function pop:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "pop(...) method of builtins.dict instance\n",
+      "    D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.\n",
+      "    If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(d.pop)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'abc'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.pop('c', 'abc')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "('b', 2)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.popitem()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "del d['a']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 遍历"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "dict_keys(['b', 'c', 'a'])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.keys()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "b\n",
+      "c\n",
+      "a\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for k in d.keys():\n",
+    "    print(k)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "dict_values([2, 3, 1])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.values()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for v in d.values():\n",
+    "    print(v)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "dict_items([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)])"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d.items()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "('b', 2)\n",
+      "('c', 3)\n",
+      "('a', 1)\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for t in d.items():\n",
+    "    print(t)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "b => 2\n",
+      "c => 3\n",
+      "a => 1\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for k, v in d.items():\n",
+    "    print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d = {}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d['root'] = 'root'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d['root'] = {}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d['root']['left'] = 'left'\n",
+    "d['root']['right'] = 'right'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'root': {'left': 'left', 'right': 'right'}}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "d"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git "a/002/\345\210\227\350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb" "b/002/\345\210\227\350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ec56d0
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/002/\345\210\227\350\241\250\350\247\243\346\236\220.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 列表解析"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "lst = list(range(10))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 基本语法"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[x +1 for x in lst]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l = []\n",
+    "for x in lst:\n",
+    "    l.append(x+1)\n",
+    "l"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 带条件"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[x+1 for x in lst if x % 2 == 0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l = []\n",
+    "for x in lst:\n",
+    "    if x % 2 == 0:\n",
+    "        l.append(x+1)\n",
+    "l"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 7, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[x + 1 for x in lst if x % 2 == 0 if x > 2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 7, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l = []\n",
+    "for x in lst:\n",
+    "    if x % 2 == 0 \n",
+    "        if x > 2:\n",
+    "            l.append(x+1)\n",
+    "l"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 多个列表"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "l1 = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]\n",
+    "l2 = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[(1, 0),\n",
+       " (1, 2),\n",
+       " (1, 4),\n",
+       " (1, 6),\n",
+       " (1, 8),\n",
+       " (3, 0),\n",
+       " (3, 2),\n",
+       " (3, 4),\n",
+       " (3, 6),\n",
+       " (3, 8),\n",
+       " (5, 0),\n",
+       " (5, 2),\n",
+       " (5, 4),\n",
+       " (5, 6),\n",
+       " (5, 8),\n",
+       " (7, 0),\n",
+       " (7, 2),\n",
+       " (7, 4),\n",
+       " (7, 6),\n",
+       " (7, 8),\n",
+       " (9, 0),\n",
+       " (9, 2),\n",
+       " (9, 4),\n",
+       " (9, 6),\n",
+       " (9, 8)]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[(x, y) for x in l1 for y in l2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[(1, 0),\n",
+       " (1, 2),\n",
+       " (1, 4),\n",
+       " (1, 6),\n",
+       " (1, 8),\n",
+       " (3, 0),\n",
+       " (3, 2),\n",
+       " (3, 4),\n",
+       " (3, 6),\n",
+       " (3, 8),\n",
+       " (5, 0),\n",
+       " (5, 2),\n",
+       " (5, 4),\n",
+       " (5, 6),\n",
+       " (5, 8),\n",
+       " (7, 0),\n",
+       " (7, 2),\n",
+       " (7, 4),\n",
+       " (7, 6),\n",
+       " (7, 8),\n",
+       " (9, 0),\n",
+       " (9, 2),\n",
+       " (9, 4),\n",
+       " (9, 6),\n",
+       " (9, 8)]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "l = []\n",
+    "for x in l1:\n",
+    "    for y in l2:\n",
+    "        l.append((x, y))\n",
+    "l"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 生成集合"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = {1, 3, 5}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{2, 4, 6}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "{x +1 for x in s}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[2, 4, 6]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "[x+1 for x in s]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "{x+1 for x in range(10)}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{3}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 25,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "{x+1 for x in [2, 2, 2, 2]}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 生成字典"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d = {'a':1, 'b': 2}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 1, 'b': 2}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 28,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "{k:v for k, v in d.items()}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{1: 8, 3: 8, 5: 8, 7: 8, 9: 8}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "{x: y for x in l1 for y in l2}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'a': 1, 'b': 2}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "{k:v for k, v in [('a', 1), ('b', 2)]}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/003/test.json b/003/test.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf6d0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/003/test.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+    "name": "comyn"
+}
diff --git "a/003/\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb" "b/003/\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09c5f3f
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/003/\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,2877 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 字符串与文本操作"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 字符串是一个线性结构"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'i love python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'i'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s[0]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s[-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'ove p'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s[3:8]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'nohtyp evol i'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 5,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s[::-1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "i\n",
+      " \n",
+      "l\n",
+      "o\n",
+      "v\n",
+      "e\n",
+      " \n",
+      "p\n",
+      "y\n",
+      "t\n",
+      "h\n",
+      "o\n",
+      "n\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for c in s:\n",
+    "    print(c)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 字符串是不可变的"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "' '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 7,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s[1]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'str' object does not support item assignment",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-8-8ab2d301e01f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'_'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object does not support item assignment"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s[1] = '_'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "t = (1, 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'tuple' object does not support item assignment",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-10-d7bb3c58ee7f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mt\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "t[0] = 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 字符串的格式化"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### print style format"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'l love Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'l love %s' % ('Python', )"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I love Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'I love %(name)s' % {'name': 'Python'}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I love Python, Python is my first lang'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 14,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'I love %(name)s, %(name)s is my first lang' % {'name': 'Python'}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I love Python, Python is my first lang'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'I love %s, %s is my first lang' % ('Python', 'Python')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Conversion"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'4'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 16,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%d' % 4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "%d format: a number is required, not str",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-17-e1c3eb4505c4>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;34m'%d'\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m%\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'str'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: %d format: a number is required, not str"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%d' % 'str'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'3'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 18,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%d' % 3.4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'1.000000E-09'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%E' % 0.000000001"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'1.000000E+26'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%E' % 100000000000000000000000000"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'0.001'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 21,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%g' % 0.001"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'1e-10'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%g' % 0.0000000001"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### flags"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'         1'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%10d' % 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'0000000001'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'%010d' % 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### format方法"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'hello, world'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 26,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'{0}, {name}'.format('hello', name='world')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 字符串的常用操作"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on class str in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class str(object)\n",
+      " |  str(object='') -> str\n",
+      " |  str(bytes_or_buffer[, encoding[, errors]]) -> str\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Create a new string object from the given object. If encoding or\n",
+      " |  errors is specified, then the object must expose a data buffer\n",
+      " |  that will be decoded using the given encoding and error handler.\n",
+      " |  Otherwise, returns the result of object.__str__() (if defined)\n",
+      " |  or repr(object).\n",
+      " |  encoding defaults to sys.getdefaultencoding().\n",
+      " |  errors defaults to 'strict'.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __add__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self+value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __contains__(self, key, /)\n",
+      " |      Return key in self.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __eq__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self==value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __format__(...)\n",
+      " |      S.__format__(format_spec) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ge__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self>=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getitem__(self, key, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self[key].\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getnewargs__(...)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __gt__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self>value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __hash__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return hash(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __le__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self<=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __len__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return len(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __lt__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self<value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __mod__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self%value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __mul__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self*value.n\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __ne__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self!=value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __rmod__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return value%self.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __rmul__(self, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Return self*value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __sizeof__(...)\n",
+      " |      S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __str__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return str(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  capitalize(...)\n",
+      " |      S.capitalize() -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character\n",
+      " |      have upper case and the rest lower case.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  casefold(...)\n",
+      " |      S.casefold() -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a version of S suitable for caseless comparisons.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  center(...)\n",
+      " |      S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is\n",
+      " |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  count(...)\n",
+      " |      S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in\n",
+      " |      string S[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are\n",
+      " |      interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  encode(...)\n",
+      " |      S.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict') -> bytes\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Encode S using the codec registered for encoding. Default encoding\n",
+      " |      is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error\n",
+      " |      handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise\n",
+      " |      a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and\n",
+      " |      'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with\n",
+      " |      codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  endswith(...)\n",
+      " |      S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
+      " |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
+      " |      suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  expandtabs(...)\n",
+      " |      S.expandtabs(tabsize=8) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces.\n",
+      " |      If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  find(...)\n",
+      " |      S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
+      " |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
+      " |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  format(...)\n",
+      " |      S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs.\n",
+      " |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  format_map(...)\n",
+      " |      S.format_map(mapping) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.\n",
+      " |      The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  index(...)\n",
+      " |      S.index(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isalnum(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isalnum() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric\n",
+      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isalpha(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isalpha() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic\n",
+      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isdecimal(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isdecimal() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if there are only decimal characters in S,\n",
+      " |      False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isdigit(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isdigit() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if all characters in S are digits\n",
+      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isidentifier(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isidentifier() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if S is a valid identifier according\n",
+      " |      to the language definition.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Use keyword.iskeyword() to test for reserved identifiers\n",
+      " |      such as \"def\" and \"class\".\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  islower(...)\n",
+      " |      S.islower() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is\n",
+      " |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isnumeric(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isnumeric() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if there are only numeric characters in S,\n",
+      " |      False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isprintable(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isprintable() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if all characters in S are considered\n",
+      " |      printable in repr() or S is empty, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isspace(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isspace() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if all characters in S are whitespace\n",
+      " |      and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  istitle(...)\n",
+      " |      S.istitle() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one\n",
+      " |      character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only\n",
+      " |      follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones.\n",
+      " |      Return False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  isupper(...)\n",
+      " |      S.isupper() -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is\n",
+      " |      at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  join(...)\n",
+      " |      S.join(iterable) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the\n",
+      " |      iterable.  The separator between elements is S.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  ljust(...)\n",
+      " |      S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n",
+      " |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  lower(...)\n",
+      " |      S.lower() -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  lstrip(...)\n",
+      " |      S.lstrip([chars]) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed.\n",
+      " |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  partition(...)\n",
+      " |      S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,\n",
+      " |      the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n",
+      " |      found, return S and two empty strings.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  replace(...)\n",
+      " |      S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring\n",
+      " |      old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n",
+      " |      given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  rfind(...)\n",
+      " |      S.rfind(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
+      " |      such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
+      " |      arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return -1 on failure.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  rindex(...)\n",
+      " |      S.rindex(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  rjust(...)\n",
+      " |      S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is\n",
+      " |      done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  rpartition(...)\n",
+      " |      S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return\n",
+      " |      the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the\n",
+      " |      separator is not found, return two empty strings and S.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  rsplit(...)\n",
+      " |      S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
+      " |      delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and\n",
+      " |      working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
+      " |      splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string\n",
+      " |      is a separator.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  rstrip(...)\n",
+      " |      S.rstrip([chars]) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed.\n",
+      " |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  split(...)\n",
+      " |      S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
+      " |      delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
+      " |      splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any\n",
+      " |      whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are\n",
+      " |      removed from the result.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  splitlines(...)\n",
+      " |      S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.\n",
+      " |      Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends\n",
+      " |      is given and true.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  startswith(...)\n",
+      " |      S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n",
+      " |      With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
+      " |      With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
+      " |      prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  strip(...)\n",
+      " |      S.strip([chars]) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing\n",
+      " |      whitespace removed.\n",
+      " |      If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  swapcase(...)\n",
+      " |      S.swapcase() -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase\n",
+      " |      and vice versa.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  title(...)\n",
+      " |      S.title() -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case\n",
+      " |      characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  translate(...)\n",
+      " |      S.translate(table) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped\n",
+      " |      through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of\n",
+      " |      Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, strings, or None.\n",
+      " |      Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None\n",
+      " |      are deleted.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  upper(...)\n",
+      " |      S.upper() -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  zfill(...)\n",
+      " |      S.zfill(width) -> str\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field\n",
+      " |      of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+      " |  Static methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  maketrans(x, y=None, z=None, /)\n",
+      " |      Return a translation table usable for str.translate().\n",
+      " |      \n",
+      " |      If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping Unicode\n",
+      " |      ordinals (integers) or characters to Unicode ordinals, strings or None.\n",
+      " |      Character keys will be then converted to ordinals.\n",
+      " |      If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length, and\n",
+      " |      in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to the\n",
+      " |      character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument, it\n",
+      " |      must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the result.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(str)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I love Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 28,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "lst = ['I', 'love', 'Python']\n",
+    "\n",
+    "' '.join(lst)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I_love_Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'_'.join(lst)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I love Python '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 30,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "ret = ''\n",
+    "for s in lst:\n",
+    "    ret += s\n",
+    "    ret += ' '\n",
+    "ret"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on method_descriptor:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "split(...)\n",
+      "    S.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
+      "    delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
+      "    splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any\n",
+      "    whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are\n",
+      "    removed from the result.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(str.split)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on method_descriptor:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "rsplit(...)\n",
+      "    S.rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) -> list of strings\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the\n",
+      "    delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and\n",
+      "    working to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit\n",
+      "    splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string\n",
+      "    is a separator.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(str.rsplit)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'I love Python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['I', 'love', 'Python']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 35,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.split()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['I l', 've Pyth', 'n']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 36,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.split('o')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['I', 'love Python']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.split(' ', 1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['root', 'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 40,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.split(':', 1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "username, _ = s.split(':', 1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'root'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 42,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "username"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'URL:http://www.magedu.com'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "key, value = s.split(':', 1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "URL\n",
+      "http://www.magedu.com\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(key)\n",
+    "print(value)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['URL', 'http', '//www.magedu.com']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 46,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.split(':')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['URL', 'http', '//www.magedu.com']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.rsplit(':')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['URL:http', '//www.magedu.com']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 48,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.rsplit(':', 1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function splitlines:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "splitlines(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries.\n",
+      "    Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends\n",
+      "    is given and true.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.splitlines)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = '''\n",
+    "I love Python\n",
+    "I also love linux\n",
+    "'''"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'\\nI love Python\\nI also love linux\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['', 'I love Python', 'I also love linux']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 52,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.splitlines()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['\\n', 'I love Python\\n', 'I also love linux\\n']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.splitlines(True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['', 'I love Python', 'I also love linux']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.splitlines(False)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function partition:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "partition(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail)\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it,\n",
+      "    the separator itself, and the part after it.  If the separator is not\n",
+      "    found, return S and two empty strings.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.partition)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 57,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "('root', ':', 'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash')"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 58,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.partition(':')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "h, _, t = s.partition(':')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 60,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "t"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "h, _, t = t.partition(':')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "t"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "t"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "('root:x:0:0:root:/root', ':', '/bin/bash')"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 66,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.rpartition(':')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'I love Python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I love python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.capitalize()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'i love python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I love python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 70,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.capitalize()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I Love Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 71,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.title()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I LOVE PYTHON'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 72,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.upper()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'i love python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 73,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.lower()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = s.title()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'I Love Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 75,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'i lOVE pYTHON'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 76,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.swapcase()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function center:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "center(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is\n",
+      "    done using the specified fill character (default is a space)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.center)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'Python'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'       Python       '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 79,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.center(20)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'*******Python*******'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 80,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.center(20, '*')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function ljust:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "ljust(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> str\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return S left-justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is\n",
+      "    done using the specified fill character (default is a space).\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.ljust)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Python              '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 82,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.ljust(20)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Python**************'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 83,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.ljust(20, '*')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'**************Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 84,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.rjust(20, '*')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = s.center(20)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'       Python       '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 86,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Python'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 87,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.strip()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'abc\\n'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'abc\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 89,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 90,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'abc'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 90,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.strip()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "f =  open('/etc/passwd', 'r')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 92,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "f.readline()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 93,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "f.readline().strip()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "f.close()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "f =  open('/etc/passwd', 'r')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "/bin/bash\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for line in f.readlines():\n",
+    "    line = line.strip()\n",
+    "    if line.startswith('root:'):\n",
+    "        _, shell = line.rsplit(':', 1)\n",
+    "        print(shell)\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function startswith:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "startswith(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise.\n",
+      "    With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
+      "    With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
+      "    prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.startswith)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function endswith:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "endswith(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise.\n",
+      "    With optional start, test S beginning at that position.\n",
+      "    With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.\n",
+      "    suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.endswith)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'abc\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 99,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 100,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = 'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 101,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 102,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.count('r')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 103,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.count('root')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 104,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 104,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.index('r')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 105,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "29"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 105,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.index('s')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 106,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 106,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.index('root')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 107,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "27"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 107,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.index('bash')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 108,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function find:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "find(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.find(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found,\n",
+      "    such that sub is contained within S[start:end].  Optional\n",
+      "    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return -1 on failure.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.find)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 109,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 109,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.find('root')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 110,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "11"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 110,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.find('root', 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 111,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.find('comyn')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ValueError",
+     "evalue": "substring not found",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-112-1ae72ebfbb00>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ms\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindex\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'comyn'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m: substring not found"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.index('comyn')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function replace:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "replace(...) method of builtins.str instance\n",
+      "    S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> str\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring\n",
+      "    old replaced by new.  If the optional argument count is\n",
+      "    given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(s.replace)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 114,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 115,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'comyn:x:0:0:comyn:/comyn:/bin/bash\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 115,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.replace('root', 'comyn')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 116,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'comyn:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 116,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.replace('root', 'comyn', 1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 117,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'comyn:x:0:0:comyn:/comyn:/bin/bash\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 117,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.replace('root', 'comyn', -1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 118,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'comyn:x:0:0:comyn:/comyn:/bin/bash\\n'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 118,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.replace('root', 'comyn', -2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git "a/004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb" "b/004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62d042a
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/004/\345\207\275\346\225\260.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,2415 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 函数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 函数的定义与调用"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 基本语法"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    print('execute fn')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "execute fn\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "execute fn\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 函数参数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def add(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x + y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 8,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(1, 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "x = 1\n",
+    "y = 2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def swap(x, y):\n",
+    "    x, y = y, x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "swap(x,  y)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "lst = [1, 2, 3]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def append(item):\n",
+    "    lst.append(item)\n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "append(4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "lst"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 位置参数和关键字参数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "位置参数和关键字参数是在调用的时候决定的"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def add(x, y):\n",
+    "    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\n",
+    "    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\n",
+    "    return x + y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 位置参数  通过参数传递的位置来决定"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 1\n",
+      "y = 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(1, 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 关键字参数 通过参数名称来决定"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 1\n",
+      "y = 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 24,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(x=1, y=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 25,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 1\n",
+      "y = 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 25,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(y=2, x=1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 混合使用 关键字参数必须在位置参数之后"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 1\n",
+      "y = 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 26,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(1, y=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "non-keyword arg after keyword arg (<ipython-input-27-ad039a2c8a00>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-27-ad039a2c8a00>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    add(x=1, 2)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m            ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m non-keyword arg after keyword arg\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(x=1, 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 默认参数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def inc(x, i=1):\n",
+    "    return x + i"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "inc(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "8"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "inc(5, 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "当默认参赛和关键字参数一起使用的时候，世界都是美好的"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "non-default argument follows default argument (<ipython-input-32-53c6c800feb0>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-32-53c6c800feb0>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    def inc(i=1, x):\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m           ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m non-default argument follows default argument\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def inc(i=1, x):\n",
+    "    return x + 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 可变参数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def sum(lst):\n",
+    "    ret = 0\n",
+    "    for x in lst:\n",
+    "        ret += x\n",
+    "    return ret"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "15"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 34,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 可变位置参数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def sum(*args):\n",
+    "    ret = 0\n",
+    "    print(args)\n",
+    "    for x in args:\n",
+    "        ret += x\n",
+    "    return ret"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "15"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 38,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "15"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 39,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 可变关键字参数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_info(**kwargs):\n",
+    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
+    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "a => 1\n",
+      "b => 2\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(a=1, b=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "print_info() takes 0 positional arguments but 3 were given",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-45-8434f7cfc5af>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint_info\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: print_info() takes 0 positional arguments but 3 were given"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(1, 2, 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "sum() got an unexpected keyword argument 'a'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-46-88d12a0f40cb>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0msum\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: sum() got an unexpected keyword argument 'a'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sum(a=1, b=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "可变参数函数在定义的时候，就决定了参数是位置参数还是关键字参数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "    for x in args:\n",
+    "        print(x)\n",
+    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
+    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "a => 4\n",
+      "b => 5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
+    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
+    "    for x in args:\n",
+    "        print(x)\n",
+    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
+    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 1\n",
+      "y = 2\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "5\n",
+      "6\n",
+      "a => 7\n",
+      "b => 8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\n",
+    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
+    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
+    "    for x in args:\n",
+    "        print(x)\n",
+    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
+    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "print_info() missing 2 required keyword-only arguments: 'x' and 'y'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-54-ae296ebebcdd>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint_info\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m7\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: print_info() missing 2 required keyword-only arguments: 'x' and 'y'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 5\n",
+      "y = 6\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "a => 7\n",
+      "b => 8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-56-893faa72b9f1>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-56-893faa72b9f1>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m                                  ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_info(*args,  **kwargs,  x, y):\n",
+    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
+    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
+    "    for x in args:\n",
+    "        print(x)\n",
+    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
+    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\n",
+    "    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\n",
+    "    for x in args:\n",
+    "        print(x)\n",
+    "    for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
+    "        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 1\n",
+      "y = 2\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "5\n",
+      "6\n",
+      "a => 7\n",
+      "b => 8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x = 1\n",
+      "y = 0\n",
+      "a => 7\n",
+      "b => 8\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 非默认非可变参数， 可变位置参数，可变关键字参数\n",
+    "* 默认参数不要和可变参数放到一起"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 参数解包"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def add(x, y):\n",
+    "    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\n",
+    "    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\n",
+    "    return x + y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "lst = [1, 2]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x is 1\n",
+      "y is 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 62,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(lst[0], lst[1])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x is 1\n",
+      "y is 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(*lst)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x is 1\n",
+      "y is 2\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(**d)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "add() takes 2 positional arguments but 4 were given",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-66-65394eaddff6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: add() takes 2 positional arguments but 4 were given"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "add() got an unexpected keyword argument 'z'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-67-fa27016a66bc>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m**\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m{\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'x'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'y'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'z'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: add() got an unexpected keyword argument 'z'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "add() missing 1 required positional argument: 'y'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-68-9feb3d25ee96>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m**\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m{\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'x'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m}\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: add() missing 1 required positional argument: 'y'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(**{'x':1})"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 默认参数的坑"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn(lst=[]):\n",
+    "    lst.append(1)\n",
+    "    print(lst)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 1, 1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1, 1, 1, 1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn(lst = None):\n",
+    "    if lst is None:\n",
+    "        lst = []\n",
+    "    lst.append(1)\n",
+    "    print(lst)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "[1]\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 函数返回值"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "NoneType"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 81,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(fn())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    return;"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "NoneType"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 83,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(fn())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    return 4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 85,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    return 3, 4, 5"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(3, 4, 5)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 87,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    for x in range(10):\n",
+    "        print(x)\n",
+    "        if x > 5:\n",
+    "            return"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "5\n",
+      "6\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 第归函数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "x!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "1 * 2 * 3 * 4 ...* x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "x * (x-1)!"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn(x):\n",
+    "    if x == 1:\n",
+    "        return x\n",
+    "    return fn(x - 1) * x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "120"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 93,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "120"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 94,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 95,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn(100)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 97,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn(900)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "RuntimeError",
+     "evalue": "maximum recursion depth exceeded",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m                              Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-91-b0298670baef>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-90-9ed819b4f178>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfn\u001b[1;34m(x)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m     \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...\n",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-90-9ed819b4f178>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mfn\u001b[1;34m(x)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 2\u001b[1;33m     \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfn\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m*\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: maximum recursion depth exceeded"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn(x):\n",
+    "    ret = 1\n",
+    "    for i in range(1, x +1):\n",
+    "        ret *= i\n",
+    "    return ret"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "120"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 99,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 作用域与全局变量"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "NameError",
+     "evalue": "name 'xx' is not defined",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-101-7051982b9152>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mxx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m  \u001b[1;36m6\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 4\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mxx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'xx' is not defined"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    xx =  6\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print(xx)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "xx = 6\n",
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    print(xx)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "6\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 105,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3\n",
+      "6\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    xx = 3\n",
+    "    print(xx)\n",
+    "fn()\n",
+    "print(xx)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 110,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "8978880\n",
+      "8978784\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "6\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "xx= 6\n",
+    "print(id(xx))\n",
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    xx = 3\n",
+    "    print(id(xx))\n",
+    "    print(xx)\n",
+    "fn()\n",
+    "print(xx)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3\n",
+      "3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "xx = 6\n",
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    global xx\n",
+    "    xx = 3\n",
+    "    print(xx)\n",
+    "fn()\n",
+    "print(xx)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'_i80': 'def fn():\\n    pass', '_24': 3, '_i71': 'fn()', '_i2': 'fn()', '_i31': 'inc(5, 3)', 'inc': <function inc at 0x7f1a0147a8c8>, '_i90': 'def fn(x):\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', '_i15': 'def append(item):\\n    lst.append(item)\\n    ', '__spec__': None, '_i99': 'fn(5)', '_i93': 'fn(5)', '_65': 3, '_i81': 'type(fn())', '_i33': 'def sum(lst):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in lst:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', '_i7': 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', '_i17': 'lst', '_i88': 'def fn():\\n    for x in range(10):\\n        print(x)\\n        if x > 5:\\n            return', '_i104': 'def fn():\\n    xx += 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i109': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i98': 'def fn(x):\\n    ret = 1\\n    for i in range(1, x +1):\\n        ret *= i\\n    return ret', '_i12': 'x', '_i75': 'fn()', 'x': 1, '_i10': 'def swap(x, y):\\n    x, y = y, x', 'fn': <function fn at 0x7f1a00c20730>, '_i28': 'def inc(x, i=1):\\n    return x + i', '_i82': 'def fn():\\n    return;', '_i77': 'fn()', '_i112': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    x = 5\\n    print(globals())\\n    print(locals())\\n\\nfn()', '_i105': 'def fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'lst': [1, 2], '_i106': 'def fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'Out': {65: 3, 81: <class 'NoneType'>, 8: 3, 87: (3, 4, 5), 12: 1, 13: 2, 17: [1, 2, 3, 4], 19: 3, 20: 3, 21: 3, 23: 3, 24: 3, 25: 3, 26: 3, 29: 6, 94: 120, 31: 8, 97: 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 34: 15, 99: 120, 36: 15, 38: 15, 39: 15, 93: 120, 83: <class 'NoneType'>, 85: 4, 95: 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, 62: 3, 63: 3}, '_i87': 'fn()', '_13': 2, '_i92': 'def fn(x):\\n    if x == 1:\\n        return x\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', '_i84': 'def fn():\\n    return 4', '_i100': 'def fn():\\n    x =  6\\n\\nprint(x)', 'In': ['', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'fn()', \"def fn():\\n    print('execute fn')\", 'fn()', 'a = fn()', 'a', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'x = 1\\ny = 2', 'def swap(x, y):\\n    x, y = y, x', 'swap(x,  y)', 'x', 'y', 'lst = [1, 2, 3]', 'def append(item):\\n    lst.append(item)\\n    ', 'append(4)', 'lst', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'def add(x, y):\\n    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\\n    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'add(1, y=2)', 'add(x=1, 2)', 'def inc(x, i=1):\\n    return x + i', 'inc(5)', 'def inc(5, 3)', 'inc(5, 3)', 'def inc(i=1, x):\\n    return x + 1', 'def sum(lst):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in lst:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    print(args)\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, w))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '* 可变关键字参数', 'print_info(1, 2, 3)', 'sum(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {1}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", \"def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)', \"def add(x, y):\\n    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\\n    return x + y\", 'lst = [1, 2]', 'add(lst[0], lst[1])', 'add(*lst)', \"d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}\", 'add(**d)', 'add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])', \"add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})\", \"add(**{'x':1})\", 'def fn(lst=[]):\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(a)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return;', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return 4', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    return 3, 4, 5', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    for x in range(10):\\n        print(x)\\n        if x > 5:\\n            return', 'fn()', 'def fn(x):\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', 'def fn(x):\\n    if x == 1:\\n        return x\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', '1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5', 'fn(100)', 'fn(1000)', 'fn(900)', 'def fn(x):\\n    ret = 1\\n    for i in range(1, x +1):\\n        ret *= i\\n    return ret', 'fn(5)', 'def fn():\\n    x =  6\\n\\nprint(x)', 'def fn():\\n    xx =  6\\n\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(xx)', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    xx += 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    #xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    x = 5\\n    print(globals())\\n    print(locals())\\n\\nfn()'], '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '_i57': \"def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_19': 3, '_i69': 'def fn(lst=[]):\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', '_i21': 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'add': <function add at 0x7f1a00c491e0>, '_97': 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, '_31': 8, '_63': 3, '_i101': 'def fn():\\n    xx =  6\\n\\nprint(xx)', '_i46': 'sum(a=1, b=2)', '_i37': 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    print(args)\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum': <function sum at 0x7f1a00c20ae8>, '_oh': {65: 3, 81: <class 'NoneType'>, 8: 3, 87: (3, 4, 5), 12: 1, 13: 2, 17: [1, 2, 3, 4], 19: 3, 20: 3, 21: 3, 23: 3, 24: 3, 25: 3, 26: 3, 29: 6, 94: 120, 31: 8, 97: 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, 34: 15, 99: 120, 36: 15, 38: 15, 39: 15, 93: 120, 83: <class 'NoneType'>, 85: 4, 95: 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, 62: 3, 63: 3}, '_i22': 'def add(x, y):\\n    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\\n    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\\n    return x + y', '_i35': 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', '_i56': \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_i30': 'def inc(5, 3)', '__loader__': None, '_i43': 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '_i96': 'fn(1000)', '_29': 6, '_i38': 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', '_ii': 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i44': '* 可变关键字参数', 'y': 2, '_i86': 'def fn():\\n    return 3, 4, 5', '_i34': 'sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])', '_12': 1, 'xx': 6, '_i25': 'add(y=2, x=1)', '_i29': 'inc(5)', 'append': <function append at 0x7f1a0147a840>, '_i26': 'add(1, y=2)', '_i16': 'append(4)', '_i62': 'add(lst[0], lst[1])', '_i95': 'fn(100)', '_i32': 'def inc(i=1, x):\\n    return x + 1', 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x7f1a01d35518>, '_i5': 'a = fn()', 'swap': <function swap at 0x7f1a0147a158>, '_i74': 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(a)\\n    print(lst)', '_i47': \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_i108': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    #xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i78': 'fn()', '_i68': \"add(**{'x':1})\", '_i27': 'add(x=1, 2)', '_62': 3, '_i79': 'fn()', '_i110': 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i4': 'fn()', '_95': 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, '_34': 15, '_i3': \"def fn():\\n    print('execute fn')\", '_26': 3, '_8': 3, '_i11': 'swap(x,  y)', '_i45': 'print_info(1, 2, 3)', '_i6': 'a', '_i36': 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', '_i102': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(xx)', '_i70': 'fn()', '_ih': ['', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'fn()', \"def fn():\\n    print('execute fn')\", 'fn()', 'a = fn()', 'a', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'x = 1\\ny = 2', 'def swap(x, y):\\n    x, y = y, x', 'swap(x,  y)', 'x', 'y', 'lst = [1, 2, 3]', 'def append(item):\\n    lst.append(item)\\n    ', 'append(4)', 'lst', 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'def add(x, y):\\n    print(\"x = {0}\".format(x))\\n    print(\"y = {0}\".format(y))\\n    return x + y', 'add(1, 2)', 'add(x=1, y=2)', 'add(y=2, x=1)', 'add(1, y=2)', 'add(x=1, 2)', 'def inc(x, i=1):\\n    return x + i', 'inc(5)', 'def inc(5, 3)', 'inc(5, 3)', 'def inc(i=1, x):\\n    return x + 1', 'def sum(lst):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in lst:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'def sum(*args):\\n    ret = 0\\n    print(args)\\n    for x in args:\\n        ret += x\\n    return ret', 'sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)', 'sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, w))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '* 可变关键字参数', 'print_info(1, 2, 3)', 'sum(a=1, b=2)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs):\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {1}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)', \"def print_info(*args, **kwargs, x, y):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", \"def print_info( x, y=0, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)', \"def add(x, y):\\n    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\\n    return x + y\", 'lst = [1, 2]', 'add(lst[0], lst[1])', 'add(*lst)', \"d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}\", 'add(**d)', 'add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])', \"add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})\", \"add(**{'x':1})\", 'def fn(lst=[]):\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(a)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    pass', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return;', 'type(fn())', 'def fn():\\n    return 4', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    return 3, 4, 5', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    for x in range(10):\\n        print(x)\\n        if x > 5:\\n            return', 'fn()', 'def fn(x):\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', 'def fn(x):\\n    if x == 1:\\n        return x\\n    return fn(x - 1) * x', 'fn(5)', '1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5', 'fn(100)', 'fn(1000)', 'fn(900)', 'def fn(x):\\n    ret = 1\\n    for i in range(1, x +1):\\n        ret *= i\\n    return ret', 'fn(5)', 'def fn():\\n    x =  6\\n\\nprint(x)', 'def fn():\\n    xx =  6\\n\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(xx)', 'fn()', 'def fn():\\n    xx += 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'def fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    #xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx= 6\\nprint(id(xx))\\ndef fn():\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    x = 5\\n    print(globals())\\n    print(locals())\\n\\nfn()'], '_i8': 'add(1, 2)', '_i48': 'print_info(1, 2, 3, a=4, b=5)', '_i55': 'print_info(1,2 , 3, 4, x=5, y=6, a=7, b=8)', '_i59': 'print_info(1,  a=7, b=8)', '_20': 3, '_i85': 'fn()', '_i1': 'def fn():\\n    pass', '_i67': \"add(**{'x': 1, 'y':2, 'z':3})\", '___': 93326215443944152681699238856266700490715968264381621468592963895217599993229915608941463976156518286253697920827223758251185210916864000000000000000000000000, '_85': 4, '_25': 3, '_21': 3, '_i97': 'fn(900)', '_i64': \"d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}\", '_i': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i103': 'fn()', '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_39': 15, '__name__': '__main__', '_i61': 'lst = [1, 2]', '_17': [1, 2, 3, 4], '_i50': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', '_93': 120, '_': 120, '_i19': 'add(1, 2)', '_i39': 'sum(5, 4, 3, 2, 1)', '_36': 15, '_i52': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', '_i24': 'add(x=1, y=2)', '_iii': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i66': 'add(*[1, 2, 3, 4])', '_i89': 'fn()', '_99': 120, '_87': (3, 4, 5), '__package__': None, '_i54': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', '_i42': \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_94': 120, '_i73': 'fn()', '_i14': 'lst = [1, 2, 3]', '_i76': 'def fn(lst = None):\\n    if lst is None:\\n        lst = []\\n    lst.append(1)\\n    print(lst)', '_i107': 'xx= 6\\ndef fn():\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(id(xx))\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i91': 'fn(5)', '_i13': 'y', '_i41': 'print_info(a=1, b=2)', '_i58': 'print_info(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, a=7, b=8)', 'get_ipython': <bound method ZMQInteractiveShell.get_ipython of <ipykernel.zmqshell.ZMQInteractiveShell object at 0x7f1a04e06b38>>, '_i65': 'add(**d)', '_i40': \"def print_info(**kwargs):\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, w))\", '_81': <class 'NoneType'>, '_i49': \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {1}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_23': 3, 'a': None, '_i72': 'fn()', '_i20': 'add(x=1, y=2)', '_i83': 'type(fn())', '_sh': <module 'IPython.core.shadowns' from '/home/comyn/.pyenv/versions/3.4.2/envs/magedu_004/lib/python3.4/site-packages/IPython/core/shadowns.py'>, '__': 67526802209645841583879061361800814224269427869589384312198268703685091643180416969132446952698303794226010370578672908593198347699886928591906501031587651846976759681112609524787093848004428636186893395272784450630354080243217646658024696659065951793757223520229235577548653833681102170973893746054649126415909143150172860721156685810655759230011450132992176454983227538696340112610447029002337004887877266387704586077293585433151612518800147764461182680822867092786694982831838641800997499819339206579415325649748486265233918911087114592440896594062675914294925816719862178374679272092637524786939036290035924271782253738059886933923447877769583003016705363339031413069155837518524761078342052635475632113169618774549275701480106933362990003732589370593557325299434734459295866728988740794174654391479926000848846686708729736713207285203712732201272410830836913052635365082888725171636081587151603468291106754640398232146673627370895934090777828827549554232436190464827998683927179246029919443251026464452337939599198528297828591122689960620361238248313158071643395848405047261412680039877733761849874447323867911712630023171745968278465780558568067035013885275080292137360491875164947724464221693533755035300065350065137490832039523382963747026185653050331832380991844842560750923543775188582096487476950254418365198999674684417286265442786651594404781622946901879166382930714196908227460133027605817864877377712193142137625430353718448269390732615776645283198828602917680224041088993892610506802195917247838900106910698057030379190571057605849323113308634452008179881165616449767648354161225066967961297609698742737923389391615207441152319392845687673311899247085327703421862972871644495409572259985563215471482083325653231777113271326579970310755604973969708949477374254974480294652427022436705380184064008853457214518515270985563195412993145274057688634448812449445800617631162768243125606424844709372022149908463572254912654907763445758543980999149122998104378965626781898655221443263601405152073199706585080288735040205417371277253096243200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000, '_i23': 'add(1, 2)', 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x7f1a01d35518>, '_dh': ['/home/comyn/magedu/python/2016/004'], '_i51': \"def print_info(x, y, *args, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", '_i94': '1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5', '_38': 15, 'print_info': <function print_info at 0x7f1a00c496a8>, '_i18': 'def add(x, y):\\n    return x + y', '_i111': 'xx = 6\\ndef fn():\\n    global xx\\n    xx = 3\\n    print(xx)\\nfn()\\nprint(xx)', '_i60': \"def add(x, y):\\n    print('x is {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y is {0}'.format(y))\\n    return x + y\", '_83': <class 'NoneType'>, '_i53': \"def print_info(*args, x, y, **kwargs):\\n    print('x = {0}'.format(x))\\n    print('y = {0}'.format(y))\\n    for x in args:\\n        print(x)\\n    for k, v in kwargs.items():\\n        print('{0} => {1}'.format(k, v))\", 'd': {'y': 2, 'x': 1}, '_i63': 'add(*lst)', '_i9': 'x = 1\\ny = 2'}\n",
+      "{'x': 5}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "xx = 6\n",
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    x = 5\n",
+    "    print(globals())\n",
+    "    print(locals())\n",
+    "\n",
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    x = 5\n",
+    "    print(locals())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "{'x': 5}\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 函数的调用过程"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 115,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def add(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x + y\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def inc(x):\n",
+    "    return x+1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def main():\n",
+    "    x = 1\n",
+    "    y = 2\n",
+    "    ret = add(x, y)\n",
+    "    ret = inc(ret)\n",
+    "    print(ret)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def add(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x + y\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def inc(x):\n",
+    "    return add(x, 1)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def main():\n",
+    "    x = 5\n",
+    "    inc(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 生成器"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 116,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 116,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def iterator(x):\n",
+    "    return list(range(x))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "iterator(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 117,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def iterator(x):\n",
+    "    i = 0;\n",
+    "    while i < 5:\n",
+    "        yield i\n",
+    "        i += 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 118,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<generator object iterator at 0x7f1a00b57c18>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 118,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "iterator(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 120,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def main():\n",
+    "    for i in iterator(5):\n",
+    "        print(i)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 121,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def iterrator():\n",
+    "    lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n",
+    "    yield from lst"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 122,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "4\n",
+      "5\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for x in iterrator():\n",
+    "    print(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 125,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn(x):\n",
+    "    ret = 1\n",
+    "    for i in range(1, x+1):\n",
+    "        ret *= i\n",
+    "        yield ret\n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 126,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "6\n",
+      "24\n",
+      "120\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for x in fn(5):\n",
+    "    print(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 127,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<generator object fn at 0x7f1a00a78120>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 127,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 128,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "it = fn(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 129,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 129,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "next(it)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 130,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 130,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "next(it)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 131,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 131,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "next(it)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 132,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "24"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 132,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "next(it)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 133,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "120"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 133,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "next(it)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 134,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "StopIteration",
+     "evalue": "",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m                             Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-134-2cdb14c0d4d6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mnext\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mit\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mStopIteration\u001b[0m: "
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "next(it)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git "a/004/\350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb" "b/004/\350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b822eb
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/004/\350\243\205\351\245\260\345\231\250.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,2785 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 函数是一定公民"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<enumerate at 0x7f4b78134438>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 1,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "enumerate([1, 2, 3, 4])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "1\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "2\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "3\n",
+      "4\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "for idx , item in enumerate([1,2 , 3, 4]):\n",
+    "    print(idx)\n",
+    "    print(item)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on method_descriptor:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "insert(...)\n",
+      "    L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(list.insert)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def cmp(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x >= y\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def sort(*args):\n",
+    "    ret = []\n",
+    "    for item in args:\n",
+    "        for i, v in enumerate(ret):\n",
+    "           if cmp(item, v):\n",
+    "                ret.insert(i, item)\n",
+    "                break\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            ret.append(item)\n",
+    "    return ret\n",
+    "        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 12,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sort(True, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 5]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 13,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sort(False, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sort(3, 1, 2, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 高阶函数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def sort(cmp, *args):\n",
+    "    ret = []\n",
+    "    for item in args:\n",
+    "        for i, v in enumerate(ret):\n",
+    "            if cmp(item, v):\n",
+    "                ret.insert(i, item)\n",
+    "                break\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            ret.append(item)\n",
+    "    return ret"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def cmp1(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x >= y\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def cmp2(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x <= y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 22,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sort(cmp1,  3, 1, 2, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 5]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 23,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sort(cmp2, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on class filter in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class filter(object)\n",
+      " |  filter(function or None, iterable) --> filter object\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Return an iterator yielding those items of iterable for which function(item)\n",
+      " |  is true. If function is None, return the items that are true.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __next__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement next(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
+      " |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(filter)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def bigger_5(x):\n",
+    "    if x > 5:\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    return False"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<filter at 0x7f4b7810e470>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 27,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "filter(bigger_5, range(10))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[6, 7, 8, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 28,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(filter(bigger_5, range(10)))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function any in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "any(...)\n",
+      "    any(iterable) -> bool\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Return True if bool(x) is True for any x in the iterable.\n",
+      "    If the iterable is empty, return False.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(any)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on class map in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class map(object)\n",
+      " |  map(func, *iterables) --> map object\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments from\n",
+      " |  each of the iterables.  Stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __iter__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement iter(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __next__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement next(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
+      " |      Return state information for pickling.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(map)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def inc(x):\n",
+    "    return x + 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "'int' object is not iterable",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-32-03d9ce8c5081>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mmap\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0minc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: 'int' object is not iterable"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "map(inc, 1,2 , 3, 4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<map at 0x7f4b780fc630>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "map(inc, [1, 2, 3, 4])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[2, 3, 4, 5]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 34,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(map(inc, [1, 2, 3, 4]))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def left_fold(fn, *args):\n",
+    "    it = iter(args)\n",
+    "    ret = next(it)\n",
+    "    for x in it:\n",
+    "        ret = fn(ret, x)\n",
+    "    return ret\n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def add(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x+y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "10"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 39,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "left_fold(add, 1, 2,3 ,4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 函数作为返回值"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def make_inc(f=1):\n",
+    "    def inc(x):\n",
+    "        return x + f\n",
+    "    return inc"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "inc1 = make_inc(1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "function"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 42,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(inc1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 43,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "inc1(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "inc2 = make_inc(2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "7"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 45,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "inc2(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 46,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "make_inc(1)(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def inc(f, x):\n",
+    "    return x + f"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "柯里化"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "`f(x, y) -> g(x)(y)`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def bigger(x):\n",
+    "    def inner_bigger(y):\n",
+    "        return y > x\n",
+    "    return inner_bigger"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[6, 7, 8, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(filter(bigger(5), range(10)))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(filter(bigger(3), range(10)))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "bigger_3 = bigger(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bigger_3(4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bigger_3(2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 55,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "list(filter(bigger_3, range(10)))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 56,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bigger(3)(7)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "*函数是一等对象 - 它和普通的对象(变量)是一样的*"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def inc(f, x):\n",
+    "    return x + f"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def bigger(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x > y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from functools import partial"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on class partial in module functools:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class partial(builtins.object)\n",
+      " |  partial(func, *args, **keywords) - new function with partial application\n",
+      " |  of the given arguments and keywords.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __call__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+      " |      Call self as a function.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __delattr__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement delattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __reduce__(...)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __setattr__(self, name, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Implement setattr(self, name, value).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __setstate__(...)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+      " |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __dict__\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  args\n",
+      " |      tuple of arguments to future partial calls\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  func\n",
+      " |      function object to use in future partial calls\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  keywords\n",
+      " |      dictionary of keyword arguments to future partial calls\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(partial)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "functools.partial(<function bigger at 0x7f4b780f3ea0>, y=3)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 61,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "partial(bigger, y=3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "bigger_3 = partial(bigger, y=3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "callable(bigger_3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 64,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bigger_3(4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bigger_3(2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def many_args(x, y, z, a, b, c):\n",
+    "    print('x is {}'.format(x))\n",
+    "    print('y is {}'.format(y))\n",
+    "    print('z is {}'.format(z))\n",
+    "    print('a is {}'.format(a))\n",
+    "    print('b is {}'.format(b))\n",
+    "    print('c is {}'.format(c))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn1 = partial(many_args, a=1, b=2, c=3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x is 4\n",
+      "y is 5\n",
+      "z is 6\n",
+      "a is 1\n",
+      "b is 2\n",
+      "c is 3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn1(4, 5, 6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn2 = partial(many_args, x = 1, y=2, z=3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "x is 4\n",
+      "y is 5\n",
+      "z is 6\n",
+      "a is 2\n",
+      "b is 2\n",
+      "c is 3\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn1(4,5, 6, a=2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 装饰器"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import time"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1456624046.828106"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 72,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "time.time()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def timeit(fn):\n",
+    "    start = time.time()\n",
+    "    fn()\n",
+    "    print(time.time() - start)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def sleep():\n",
+    "    time.sleep(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.003817319869995\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "timeit(sleep)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def timeit(fn):\n",
+    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        start = time.time()\n",
+    "        ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "        print(time.time() - start)\n",
+    "        return ret\n",
+    "    return wrap"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def sleep(x):\n",
+    "    time.sleep(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.002962589263916\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "timeit(sleep)(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn  = timeit(sleep)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "function"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 82,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(fn)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.0012524127960205\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "这就是装饰器"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@timeit\n",
+    "def sleep(x):\n",
+    "    time.sleep(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.006810188293457\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sleep(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@timeit\n",
+    "def aad(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x + y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "11"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 92,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(5, 6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "1.430511474609375e-06\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "11"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 93,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "timeit(add)(5, 6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@timeit\n",
+    "def aad(x, y):\n",
+    "    return x + y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "11"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 95,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "add(5, 6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "2.6226043701171875e-06\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "11"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 96,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "aad(5, 6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "装饰器的本质就是一个函数， 这个函数接收一个函数作为参数， 返回一个函数， 通常， 返回的这个函数， 是对传入的函数执行前后增加了一些语句，所以叫做装饰"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def heidong(fn):\n",
+    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        pass\n",
+    "    return wrap"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@heidong\n",
+    "def do_something():\n",
+    "    print('run run run')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "do_something()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 100,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def do_other_things():\n",
+    "    print('go go go')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "go go go\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "do_other_things()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def timeit(fn):\n",
+    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        start = time.time()\n",
+    "        ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "        print(time.time() - start)\n",
+    "        return ret\n",
+    "    return wrap"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "自然时间"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3.0039329528808594"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 103,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "start = time.time()\n",
+    "time.sleep(3)\n",
+    "time.time() - start"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "processor time"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 104,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0.009999999999999787"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 104,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "start = time.clock()\n",
+    "time.sleep(3)\n",
+    "time.clock"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 105,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def timeit(process_time=False):\n",
+    "    cacl = time.clock if process_time else time.time\n",
+    "    def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
+    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            start = cacl()\n",
+    "            ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "            print(cacl() - start)\n",
+    "            return ret\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "    return inner_timeit\n",
+    "        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 107,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def sleep(x):\n",
+    "    time.sleep(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 109,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.004034996032715\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "timeit(False)(sleep)(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 110,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn1 = timeit(False)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn2 = fn1(sleep)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.003953695297241\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn2(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@timeit(False)\n",
+    "def sleep(x):\n",
+    "    time.sleep(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.0035619735717773\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sleep(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def timeit(process_time=False):\n",
+    "    cacl = time.clock if process_time else time.time\n",
+    "    def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
+    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            start = cacl()\n",
+    "            ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "            print(cacl() - start)\n",
+    "            return ret\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "    return inner_timeit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def timeit(process_time=False):\n",
+    "    cacl = time.clock if process_time else time.time\n",
+    "    def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
+    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            start = cacl()\n",
+    "            ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "            print(cacl() - start)\n",
+    "            # send to monitor system\n",
+    "            return ret\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "    return inner_timeit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 115,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn1 = timeit(False)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 116,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn2 = fn1(sleep)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 117,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.006286859512329\n",
+      "3.00647234916687\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "fn2(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 118,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.0040056705474854\n",
+      "3.004228353500366\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "timeit(False)(sleep)(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 119,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fn = timeit(False)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 120,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@fn\n",
+    "def sleep(x):\n",
+    "    time.sleep(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 122,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@timeit(False)\n",
+    "def sleep(x):\n",
+    "    time.sleep(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 123,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "3.0036978721618652\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sleep(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 124,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def make_timeit():\n",
+    "    def timeit():\n",
+    "        def inner_timeit(fn):\n",
+    "            def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "                return fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "            return wrap\n",
+    "        return inner_timeit\n",
+    "    return timeit"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 126,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "timeit = make_timeit()\n",
+    "@timeit()\n",
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 127,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def check(allows):\n",
+    "    def deco(fn):\n",
+    "        def wrap(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            if username in allows:\n",
+    "                return fn(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "            return \"not allow\"\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "    return deco\n",
+    "                "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 128,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
+    "def private(username):\n",
+    "    print('xxxxxxxx')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 129,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "xxxxxxxx\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "private('comyn')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 130,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'not allow'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 130,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "private('xueming')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 135,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def test():\n",
+    "    '''this is test\n",
+    "    @return None\n",
+    "    '''\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 136,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function test in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "test()\n",
+      "    this is test\n",
+      "    @return None\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(test)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "docstring"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 134,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function test in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "test()\n",
+      "    this is test\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(test)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 137,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'this is test\\n    @return None\\n    '"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 137,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "test.__doc__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 132,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'test'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 132,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "test.__name__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 140,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
+    "def test(username):\n",
+    "    ''' this is test'''\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 141,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'wrap'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 141,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "test.__name__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 142,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "test.__doc__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 143,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def check(allows):\n",
+    "    def deco(fn):\n",
+    "        def wrap(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            if username in allows:\n",
+    "                return fn(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "            return \"not allow\"\n",
+    "        wrap.__name__ = fn.__name__\n",
+    "        wrap.__doc__ = fn.__doc__\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "    return deco\n",
+    "                "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 144,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
+    "def test(username):\n",
+    "    ''' this is test'''\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 145,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'test'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 145,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "test.__name__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 146,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function test in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "test(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+      "    this is test\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(test)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 147,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from functools import wraps"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 148,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function wraps in module functools:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "wraps(wrapped, assigned=('__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__', '__annotations__'), updated=('__dict__',))\n",
+      "    Decorator factory to apply update_wrapper() to a wrapper function\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    Returns a decorator that invokes update_wrapper() with the decorated\n",
+      "    function as the wrapper argument and the arguments to wraps() as the\n",
+      "    remaining arguments. Default arguments are as for update_wrapper().\n",
+      "    This is a convenience function to simplify applying partial() to\n",
+      "    update_wrapper().\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(wraps)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 157,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def check(allows):\n",
+    "    @wraps\n",
+    "    def deco(fn):\n",
+    "        @wraps\n",
+    "        def wrap(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            if username in allows:\n",
+    "                return fn(username, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "            return \"not allow\"\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "    return deco"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 158,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@check(['comyn', 'mage'])\n",
+    "def test(username, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "    ''' this is test'''\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 159,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function deco in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "deco(fn)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(test)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 163,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import functools\n",
+    "def decorator(fn):\n",
+    "    @functools.wraps(fn)\n",
+    "    def inner(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        return fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "    return inner\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 164,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@decorator\n",
+    "def func():\n",
+    "    '''this is test func'''\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 165,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'func'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 165,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "func.__name__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 166,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function func in module __main__:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "func()\n",
+      "    this is test func\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(func)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 162,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on function update_wrapper in module functools:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, assigned=('__module__', '__name__', '__qualname__', '__doc__', '__annotations__'), updated=('__dict__',))\n",
+      "    Update a wrapper function to look like the wrapped function\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    wrapper is the function to be updated\n",
+      "    wrapped is the original function\n",
+      "    assigned is a tuple naming the attributes assigned directly\n",
+      "    from the wrapped function to the wrapper function (defaults to\n",
+      "    functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS)\n",
+      "    updated is a tuple naming the attributes of the wrapper that\n",
+      "    are updated with the corresponding attribute from the wrapped\n",
+      "    function (defaults to functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES)\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(functools.update_wrapper)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 167,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 167,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sort(lambda x, y: x >= y, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 168,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "func = lambda x, y: x >= y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 169,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[5, 3, 2, 1]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 169,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sort(func, 3, 1, 2, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "partial"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/005/OOP-1.ipynb b/005/OOP-1.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbee32d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/005/OOP-1.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,2116 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# 面向对象"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 数据和行为的封装"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "door = [1,  'closed']\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def open_dooor(door):\n",
+    "    door[1] = 'opning'\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def close_door(door):\n",
+    "    door[1] = 'closed'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Door:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self,  number, status):\n",
+    "        self.number = number\n",
+    "        self.status = status\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def open(self):\n",
+    "        self.status = 'opeing'\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def close(self):\n",
+    "        self.status = 'closed'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "door1 = Door(1, 'closed')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassName:\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassName(object):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassName(Door):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassName:\n",
+    "    def method_name(self):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def mathod_a(self):\n",
+    "        print(self)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<__main__.A object at 0x7f15c05e4a58>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.mathod_a()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassName:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self,  x):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "        self.y = x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 18,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "#     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "#         print('call __new__')\n",
+    "#         print(type(cls))\n",
+    "#         #return object.__new__(cls)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x):\n",
+    "        print('call __init__')\n",
+    "        print(type(self))\n",
+    "        s1 = set(dir(self))\n",
+    "        self.x =x\n",
+    "        s2 = set(dir(self))\n",
+    "        print(s2 - s1)\n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "call __new__\n",
+      "<class 'type'>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "元编程"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on built-in function dir in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "dir(...)\n",
+      "    dir([object]) -> list of strings\n",
+      "    \n",
+      "    If called without an argument, return the names in the current scope.\n",
+      "    Else, return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes\n",
+      "    of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it.\n",
+      "    If the object supplies a method named __dir__, it will be used; otherwise\n",
+      "    the default dir() logic is used and returns:\n",
+      "      for a module object: the module's attributes.\n",
+      "      for a class object:  its attributes, and recursively the attributes\n",
+      "        of its bases.\n",
+      "      for any other object: its attributes, its class's attributes, and\n",
+      "        recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(dir)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x=5):\n",
+    "        self.abcd = x\n",
+    "        print(x+1)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method_a(self):\n",
+    "        print(x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "6\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1 = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "NameError",
+     "evalue": "name 'x' is not defined",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-44-821bd8b2ca9d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmethod_a\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-42-2c02bfcfdb40>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mmethod_a\u001b[1;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmethod_a\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 6\u001b[1;33m         \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'x' is not defined"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    " a1.method_a()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.abcd"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a2 = A(8)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 35,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "8"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 36,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a2.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a3 = A(x=9)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "9"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 38,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a3.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x):\n",
+    "        self.__val = x\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __add(self, i):\n",
+    "        self.__val += i\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_val(self):\n",
+    "        return self.__val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def inc(self):\n",
+    "        self.__add(1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'A' object has no attribute '__val'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-49-5b6c19e65a36>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'A' object has no attribute '__val'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.__val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.get_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'A' object has no attribute '__add'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-51-bbf05016f184>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__add\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'A' object has no attribute '__add'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.__add(2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a.inc()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.get_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['_A__add',\n",
+       " '_A__val',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'get_val',\n",
+       " 'inc']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 55,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a._A__val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    val  = 3\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x):\n",
+    "        self.x = 3\n",
+    "        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a1 = A(5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 58,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a2 = A(9)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 60,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a2.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 61,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val + 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val += 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 63,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 64,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a2.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 65,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "A.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    val = [1, 2, 3]\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a1 = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a2 = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 69,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 70,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a2.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val.append(4)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 72,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "[1, 2, 3, 4]"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 73,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a2.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "139731398095304"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 74,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(a1.val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "139731398095304"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 75,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(a2.val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "139731398095304"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 76,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(A.val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'val']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 77,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(a1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.x = 5"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 79,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'val',\n",
+       " 'x']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 79,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(a1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'val']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 80,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(a2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    __val = 3\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_val(self):\n",
+    "        return self.__val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 83,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'A' object has no attribute '__val'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-83-5b6c19e65a36>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'A' object has no attribute '__val'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.__val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 84,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "type object 'A' has no attribute '__val'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-84-8ffb4ac2e9b6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mA\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: type object 'A' has no attribute '__val'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "A.__val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 85,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.get_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 90,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    __val = 3\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @classmethod\n",
+    "    def get_val(cls):\n",
+    "        return cls.__val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 87,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "A.get_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 89,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.get_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 91,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.get_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    __val = 3\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @staticmethod\n",
+    "    def print_val():\n",
+    "        print(__val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "NameError",
+     "evalue": "name '_A__val' is not defined",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-94-9c641a2e38ca>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprint_val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-92-e07632a15446>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mprint_val\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;33m@\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstaticmethod\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint_val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 6\u001b[1;33m         \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name '_A__val' is not defined"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.print_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "NameError",
+     "evalue": "name '_A__val' is not defined",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-95-cc5ba9d62a6f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mA\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprint_val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-92-e07632a15446>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mprint_val\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      4\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;33m@\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstaticmethod\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint_val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 6\u001b[1;33m         \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__val\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name '_A__val' is not defined"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "A.print_val()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.val = 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 152,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.__val = 0\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @property\n",
+    "    def val(self):\n",
+    "        print('get val')\n",
+    "        if self.__val < 0:\n",
+    "            return 0\n",
+    "        return self.__val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @val.setter\n",
+    "    def val(self, value):\n",
+    "        print('set val')\n",
+    "        if isinstance(value, (int, float)) and value >= 0:\n",
+    "            self.__val = value\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            self.__val = 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 153,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 154,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a.val = -1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 155,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 155,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 156,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a1 = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 157,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "method"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 157,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(a1.val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 158,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<bound method A.val of <__main__.A object at 0x7f15c056aac8>>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 158,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 159,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val = -1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 160,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 160,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a1.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 161,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on class property in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class property(object)\n",
+      " |  property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) -> property attribute\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  fget is a function to be used for getting an attribute value, and likewise\n",
+      " |  fset is a function for setting, and fdel a function for del'ing, an\n",
+      " |  attribute.  Typical use is to define a managed attribute x:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  class C(object):\n",
+      " |      def getx(self): return self._x\n",
+      " |      def setx(self, value): self._x = value\n",
+      " |      def delx(self): del self._x\n",
+      " |      x = property(getx, setx, delx, \"I'm the 'x' property.\")\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Decorators make defining new properties or modifying existing ones easy:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  class C(object):\n",
+      " |      @property\n",
+      " |      def x(self):\n",
+      " |          \"I am the 'x' property.\"\n",
+      " |          return self._x\n",
+      " |      @x.setter\n",
+      " |      def x(self, value):\n",
+      " |          self._x = value\n",
+      " |      @x.deleter\n",
+      " |      def x(self):\n",
+      " |          del self._x\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __delete__(self, instance, /)\n",
+      " |      Delete an attribute of instance.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __get__(self, instance, owner, /)\n",
+      " |      Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+      " |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __set__(self, instance, value, /)\n",
+      " |      Set an attribute of instance to value.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  deleter(...)\n",
+      " |      Descriptor to change the deleter on a property.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  getter(...)\n",
+      " |      Descriptor to change the getter on a property.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  setter(...)\n",
+      " |      Descriptor to change the setter on a property.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+      " |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __isabstractmethod__\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  fdel\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  fget\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  fset\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(property)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 164,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.__val = 0\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def get_val(self):\n",
+    "        return self.__val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def set_val(self, value):\n",
+    "        self.__val = value\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    val = property(get_val, set_val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 165,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "property"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 165,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(A.val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 166,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 167,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a.val = 3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 168,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 168,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 169,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "prop = property()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 170,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "property"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 170,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(prop)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 171,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__delete__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__get__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__isabstractmethod__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__set__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " 'deleter',\n",
+       " 'fdel',\n",
+       " 'fget',\n",
+       " 'fset',\n",
+       " 'getter',\n",
+       " 'setter']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 171,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(prop)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 172,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "builtin_function_or_method"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 172,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(prop.getter)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 173,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def get():\n",
+    "    return 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 174,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def set(val):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 175,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "prop = property(get, set)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 176,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<property at 0x7f15c0593318>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 176,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "prop"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/005/OOP-2.ipynb b/005/OOP-2.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c86d6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/005/OOP-2.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,1502 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 继承"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Door:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self,  number, status):\n",
+    "        self.number = number\n",
+    "        self.status = status\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def open(self):\n",
+    "        self.status = 'opening'\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def close(self):\n",
+    "        self.status = 'closed'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class LockableDoor:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, number, status, is_locked):\n",
+    "        self.number = number\n",
+    "        self.status = status\n",
+    "        self.is_locked = is_locked\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def open(self):\n",
+    "        if not self.is_locked:\n",
+    "            self.status = 'opening'\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            print('is locked')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def close(self):\n",
+    "        self.staus = 'closed'\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def lock(self):\n",
+    "        if self.status == 'closed':\n",
+    "            self.is_locked = True\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            print('is opening')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class LockableDoor(Door): # Door 是 LockableDoor 的 超类、父类、基类\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, number, status, is_locked):\n",
+    "        super(LockableDoor, self).__init__(number, status)\n",
+    "        self.is_locked = is_locked\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def open(self): # 重写\n",
+    "        if not self.is_locked:\n",
+    "            super(LockableDoor, self).open()\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            print('is locked')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def lock(self):\n",
+    "        if self.status == 'closed':\n",
+    "            self.is_locked = True\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            print('is opening')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Help on class super in module builtins:\n",
+      "\n",
+      "class super(object)\n",
+      " |  super() -> same as super(__class__, <first argument>)\n",
+      " |  super(type) -> unbound super object\n",
+      " |  super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)\n",
+      " |  super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)\n",
+      " |  Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:\n",
+      " |  class C(B):\n",
+      " |      def meth(self, arg):\n",
+      " |          super().meth(arg)\n",
+      " |  This works for class methods too:\n",
+      " |  class C(B):\n",
+      " |      @classmethod\n",
+      " |      def cmeth(cls, arg):\n",
+      " |          super().cmeth(arg)\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  Methods defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __get__(self, instance, owner, /)\n",
+      " |      Return an attribute of instance, which is of type owner.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __getattribute__(self, name, /)\n",
+      " |      Return getattr(self, name).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+      " |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __new__(*args, **kwargs) from builtins.type\n",
+      " |      Create and return a new object.  See help(type) for accurate signature.\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __repr__(self, /)\n",
+      " |      Return repr(self).\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+      " |  Data descriptors defined here:\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __self__\n",
+      " |      the instance invoking super(); may be None\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __self_class__\n",
+      " |      the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None\n",
+      " |  \n",
+      " |  __thisclass__\n",
+      " |      the class invoking super()\n",
+      "\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "help(super)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 继承与可见性"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    __class_private_var = 'class private var'\n",
+    "    class_public_var = 'class public var'\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.__instance_private_var = 'instance private var'\n",
+    "        self.instance_pubic_var  = 'instance public var'\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def __intance_private_method(self):\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.__class_private_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.class_public_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.__instance_private_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.instance_pubic_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def instance_pubic_method(self):\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.__class_private_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.class_public_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.__instance_private_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(self.instance_pubic_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    @classmethod\n",
+    "    def __private_class_method(cls):\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(cls.__class_private_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(cls.class_public_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    @classmethod\n",
+    "    def public_class_method(cls):\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(cls.__class_private_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "        try:\n",
+    "            print(cls.class_public_var)\n",
+    "        except:\n",
+    "            pass\n",
+    "       "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class B(A):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "b = B()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['_A__class_private_var',\n",
+       " '_A__instance_private_var',\n",
+       " '_A__intance_private_method',\n",
+       " '_A__private_class_method',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'class_public_var',\n",
+       " 'instance_pubic_method',\n",
+       " 'instance_pubic_var',\n",
+       " 'public_class_method']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(b)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'B' object has no attribute '__intance_private_method'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-16-efd771a48904>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__intance_private_method\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'B' object has no attribute '__intance_private_method'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.__intance_private_method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'B' object has no attribute '__private_class_method'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-17-1af91a6e39f2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__private_class_method\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'B' object has no attribute '__private_class_method'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.__private_class_method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "class private var\n",
+      "class public var\n",
+      "instance private var\n",
+      "instance public var\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.instance_pubic_method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "class private var\n",
+      "class public var\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.public_class_method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* 私有的方法、变量(类和实例)是不可继承的\n",
+    "* 公有的方法、变量(类和实例)是可继承的\n",
+    "* 父类公有的方法(类和实例)是可以访问父类的私有变量的"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class B(A):\n",
+    "    __class_private_var = 'child class private var'\n",
+    "    class_public_var = 'child class public var'\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        super(B, self).__init__()\n",
+    "        self.__instance_private_var = 'child instance private var'\n",
+    "        self.instance_pubic_var = 'child instance public var'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 27,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "b = B()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "class private var\n",
+      "child class public var\n",
+      "instance private var\n",
+      "child instance public var\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.instance_pubic_method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['_A__class_private_var',\n",
+       " '_A__instance_private_var',\n",
+       " '_A__intance_private_method',\n",
+       " '_A__private_class_method',\n",
+       " '_B__class_private_var',\n",
+       " '_B__instance_private_var',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'class_public_var',\n",
+       " 'instance_pubic_method',\n",
+       " 'instance_pubic_var',\n",
+       " 'public_class_method']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(b)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __method(self):\n",
+    "        print('method of A')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class B(A):\n",
+    "    def __method(self):\n",
+    "        super(B, self)._A__method()\n",
+    "        print('method of B')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method(self):\n",
+    "        self.__method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "b = B()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "method of A\n",
+      "method of B\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "b.method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 多继承"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def method_from_a(self):\n",
+    "        print('i am method of a')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class B:\n",
+    "    def method_from_b(self):\n",
+    "        print('i am method of b')\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class C(A, B):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "c = C()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "i am method of a\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c.method_from_a()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "i am method of b\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c.method_from_b()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def method(self):\n",
+    "        print('method of A')\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class B:\n",
+    "    def method(self):\n",
+    "        print('method of B')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class C(A, B):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "c = C()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "method of A\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c.method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class C(B, A):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "c = C()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "method of B\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c.method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class B(A):\n",
+    "    def method(self):\n",
+    "        print('method of B')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "Cannot create a consistent method resolution\norder (MRO) for bases A, B",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-63-c871b04b8297>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;32mclass\u001b[0m \u001b[0mC\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mA\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mB\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mpass\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: Cannot create a consistent method resolution\norder (MRO) for bases A, B"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "class C(A, B):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class C(B, A):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "c  = C()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "method of B\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "c.method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### MRO method resolution order"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "MRO 通过 C3算法计算出来"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "class B: -> mro(B) = [B, O]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class B(A1, A2, ...) -> mro(B) = [B] + merge(mro(A1), mro(A2), ..., [A1, A2, ...])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```\n",
+    "C(A, B) - >\n",
+    "    [C] + merge(mro(A), mro(B), [A, B])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([A, O], [B, O], [A, B])\n",
+    "    [C, A] + merge([O], [B, O], [B])\n",
+    "    [C, A, B] + merge([O], [O])\n",
+    "    [C, A, B, O]\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```\n",
+    "C(B, A) ->\n",
+    "    [C] + merge(mro(B), mro(A), [B, A])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([B, O], [A, O], [B, A])\n",
+    "    [C, B] + merge([O], [A, O], [A])\n",
+    "    [C, B, A] + merge([O], [O])\n",
+    "    [C, B, A, O]\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```\n",
+    "C(A, B), B(A) ->\n",
+    "    [C] + merge(mro(A), mro(B), [A, B])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([A, O], ([B] + merge(mro(A), [A]), [A, B])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([A, O], ([B] + merge([A, O], [A])), [A, B])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([A, O], ([B, A] + merge([O])), [A, B])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([A, O], [B, A, O], [A, B])\n",
+    "    raise TypeError\n",
+    " ```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```\n",
+    "C(B, A), B(A) ->\n",
+    "    [C] + merge(mro(B), mro(A), [B, A])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([B, A, O], [A, O], [B, A])\n",
+    "    [C, B] + merge([A, O], [A, O], [A])\n",
+    "    [C, B, A] + merge([O], [O])\n",
+    "    [C, B, A, O]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "```"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "```\n",
+    "B(A) ->\n",
+    "    [B] + merge(mro(A), [A])\n",
+    "    [B] + merge([A, O], [A])\n",
+    "    [B, A] + merge([O])\n",
+    "    [B, A, O]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "C(A, B), B(A) ->\n",
+    "    [C] + merge(mro(A), mro(B), [A, B])\n",
+    "    [C] + merge([A, O], [B, A, O], [A, B])\n",
+    "    raise TypeError\n",
+    "```    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(__main__.C, __main__.B, __main__.A, object)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 67,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "C.__mro__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "*Python 的多继承是一济毒药*"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### MIXIN"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "他是实现组合的一种方式"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Document:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, content):\n",
+    "        self.content = content\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def format(self):\n",
+    "        pass\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def display(self):\n",
+    "        raise NotImplementedError"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Word(Document):\n",
+    "    def format(self):\n",
+    "        self.content = 'i am word, my content is {0}'.format(self.content)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Excel(Document):\n",
+    "    def format(self):\n",
+    "        self.content = 'i am excel, my content is {0}'.format(self.content)\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class WordWithMonitor(Word):\n",
+    "    def display(self):\n",
+    "        print('{0} on monitor'.format(self.content))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ExcelWithMonitor(Excel):\n",
+    "    def display(self):\n",
+    "         print('{0} on monitor'.format(self.content))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class WordWithHP(Word):\n",
+    "    def display(self):\n",
+    "        print('{0} on HP'.format(self.content))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 76,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ExcelWithHP(Excel):\n",
+    "    def display(self):\n",
+    "        print('{0} on HP'.format(self.content))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 77,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Monitor(object):\n",
+    "    def display(self):\n",
+    "        print('{0} on monitor'.format(self.content))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class HP:\n",
+    "    def display(self):\n",
+    "        print('{0} on HP'.format(self.content))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class WordWithMonitor(Monitor, Word):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ExcelWithMonitor(Excel, Monitor):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 100,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "wwm = WordWithMonitor('mix in')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 101,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "wwm.format()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 102,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "i am word, my content is mix in on monitor\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "wwm.display()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 103,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(__main__.WordWithMonitor,\n",
+       " __main__.Monitor,\n",
+       " __main__.Word,\n",
+       " __main__.Document,\n",
+       " object)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 103,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "WordWithMonitor.__mro__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 85,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'content',\n",
+       " 'display',\n",
+       " 'format']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 85,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(wwm)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'i am word, my content is mix in'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 86,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "wwm.content"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 87,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "wwm.display()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 88,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'WordWithMonitor' object has no attribute '__mro__'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-88-b236b90026be>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mwwm\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__mro__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'WordWithMonitor' object has no attribute '__mro__'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "wwm.__mro__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "(__main__.WordWithMonitor,\n",
+       " __main__.Word,\n",
+       " __main__.Document,\n",
+       " __main__.Monitor,\n",
+       " object)"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 89,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "WordWithMonitor.__mro__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/005/OOP-3.ipynb b/005/OOP-3.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d6e10a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/005/OOP-3.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,3328 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## 魔术方法/特殊方法"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 对象的创建与销毁"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "* `__new__`  创建对象\n",
+    "* `__init__` 初始化对象\n",
+    "* `__del__` 当销毁对象的时候调用"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __new__(cls):\n",
+    "        print('call __new__')\n",
+    "        return object.__new__(cls)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        print('call __init__')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method(self):\n",
+    "        print('call method')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __del__(self):\n",
+    "        print('call __del__')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "call __new__\n",
+      "call __init__\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "call method\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "call __del__\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "del a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 可视化对象"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<__main__.A object at 0x7f00d4461518>\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
+    "        self.name = name\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __repr__(self):\n",
+    "        return self.name\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __str__(self):\n",
+    "        return 'call __str__ name is {0}'.format(self.name)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __bytes__(self):\n",
+    "        return 'call __str__ name is {0}'.format(self.name).encode('utf-8')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A('magedu')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "magedu\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(a) # print(repr(a))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'call __str__ name is magedu'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "str(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "b'call __str__ name is magedu'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 20,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bytes(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 比较运算符重载"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Person:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, age):\n",
+    "        self.age = age\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __lt__(self, other):\n",
+    "        print('lt')\n",
+    "        return self.age < other.age\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __le__(self, other):\n",
+    "        print('le')\n",
+    "        return self.age <= other.age\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __eq__(self, other):\n",
+    "        print('eq')\n",
+    "        return self.age == other.age\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __ne__(self, other):\n",
+    "        print('ne')\n",
+    "        return self.age != other.age\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __gt__(self, other):\n",
+    "        print('gt')\n",
+    "        return self.age > other.age\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __ge__(self, other):\n",
+    "        print('ge')\n",
+    "        return self.age >= other.age"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 = Person(18)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "p2 = Person(14)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false,
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "unorderable types: Person() > Person()",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-24-64d46152e12c>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mp1\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m>\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp2\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unorderable types: Person() > Person()"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 > p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 28,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 > p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "gt\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 > p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "ge\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 >= p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "eq\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 34,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 == p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "ne\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 35,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 != p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "lt\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 36,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 < p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "le\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 37,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p1 <= p2"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### bool 函数"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 38,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 38,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool([])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 39,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(0)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 40,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(None)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(p1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, val):\n",
+    "        self.val = val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __bool__(self):\n",
+    "        return not self.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok1 = Grok(True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 44,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(grok1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok2 = Grok(False)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 46,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 46,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(grok2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__add__',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__contains__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__delitem__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__getitem__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__iadd__',\n",
+       " '__imul__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__iter__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__len__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__mul__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__reversed__',\n",
+       " '__rmul__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__setitem__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " 'append',\n",
+       " 'clear',\n",
+       " 'copy',\n",
+       " 'count',\n",
+       " 'extend',\n",
+       " 'index',\n",
+       " 'insert',\n",
+       " 'pop',\n",
+       " 'remove',\n",
+       " 'reverse',\n",
+       " 'sort']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 47,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir([])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 55,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class List:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, *args):\n",
+    "        self.val = args\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __bool__(self):\n",
+    "        return True\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __len__(self):\n",
+    "        return len(self.val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "lst = List(1, 2, 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 50,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(lst)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 51,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(lst)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 52,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "lst2 = List()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 53,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 53,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len(lst2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 54,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "False"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 54,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(lst2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 56,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "lst3 = List()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 57,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 57,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "bool(lst3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### hash() 与可hash对象"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 58,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "unhashable type: 'list'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-58-6420c1e61a67>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mhash\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unhashable type: 'list'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "hash([])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 59,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "hash('')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4709425544278937976"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 60,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "hash('123')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "19"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 61,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "len('4709425544278937976')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "-1341440109335276339"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 62,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "hash('xxx')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self,  val):\n",
+    "        self.val = val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __hash__(self):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok = Grok(123)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 71,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "__hash__ method should return an integer",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-71-a34ff1408c13>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mhash\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgrok\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: __hash__ method should return an integer"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "hash(grok)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(object)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 72,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import sys"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 73,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "64"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 73,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sys.hash_info.width"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 可调用对象"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 74,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 75,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__annotations__',\n",
+       " '__call__',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__closure__',\n",
+       " '__code__',\n",
+       " '__defaults__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__get__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__globals__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__kwdefaults__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__name__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__qualname__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 75,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(fn)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 80,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Function:\n",
+    "    def __call__(self,  name):\n",
+    "        print('i am  callable, my name is {0}'.format(name))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 81,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "func = Function()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 78,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "True"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 78,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "callable(func)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 82,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "i am  callable, my name is magedu\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "func('magedu')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 86,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class InjectUser:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, default_user):\n",
+    "        self.user = default_user\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __call__(self, fn):\n",
+    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            if 'user' not in kwargs.keys():\n",
+    "                kwargs['user'] = self.user\n",
+    "            return fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 89,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@InjectUser('magedu')\n",
+    "def do_somthings(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "    print(kwargs.get('user'))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "injectuser = InjectUser('magedu')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "injectuser(do_somthings)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 90,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "magedu\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "do_somthings()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 91,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Single:\n",
+    "    __instance = None\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self, cls):\n",
+    "        self.cls = cls\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        if self.__instance is  None:\n",
+    "            self.__instance = self.cls(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "        return self.__instance\n",
+    "        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 92,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@Single\n",
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    pass\n",
+    "\n",
+    "_Grok = Single(Grok)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 93,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok = Grok()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "_Grok()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 94,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "139641538253208"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 94,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(grok)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 95,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok1 = Grok()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 96,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "139641538253208"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 96,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "id(grok1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "Single(Grok)()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 反射"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 97,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__abs__',\n",
+       " '__add__',\n",
+       " '__and__',\n",
+       " '__bool__',\n",
+       " '__ceil__',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__divmod__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__float__',\n",
+       " '__floor__',\n",
+       " '__floordiv__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__getnewargs__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__index__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__int__',\n",
+       " '__invert__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lshift__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__mod__',\n",
+       " '__mul__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__neg__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__or__',\n",
+       " '__pos__',\n",
+       " '__pow__',\n",
+       " '__radd__',\n",
+       " '__rand__',\n",
+       " '__rdivmod__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__rfloordiv__',\n",
+       " '__rlshift__',\n",
+       " '__rmod__',\n",
+       " '__rmul__',\n",
+       " '__ror__',\n",
+       " '__round__',\n",
+       " '__rpow__',\n",
+       " '__rrshift__',\n",
+       " '__rshift__',\n",
+       " '__rsub__',\n",
+       " '__rtruediv__',\n",
+       " '__rxor__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__sub__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__truediv__',\n",
+       " '__trunc__',\n",
+       " '__xor__',\n",
+       " 'bit_length',\n",
+       " 'conjugate',\n",
+       " 'denominator',\n",
+       " 'from_bytes',\n",
+       " 'imag',\n",
+       " 'numerator',\n",
+       " 'real',\n",
+       " 'to_bytes']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 97,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(1)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 98,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-98-f7dcedbef9b1>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-98-f7dcedbef9b1>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    1.__dict__\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m             ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "1.__dict__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 99,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'str' object has no attribute '__dict__'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-99-6e3cd9b7087a>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;34m'abc'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__dict__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'str' object has no attribute '__dict__'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "'abc'.__dict__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 110,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    X = 1\n",
+    "    Y = 2\n",
+    "    Z = 3\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x, y, z):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "        self.y = y\n",
+    "        self.z = z\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method(self):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 111,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok = Grok(1, 2, 3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 112,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 112,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.__dict__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 113,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['X',\n",
+       " 'Y',\n",
+       " 'Z',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'method',\n",
+       " 'x',\n",
+       " 'y',\n",
+       " 'z']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 113,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(grok)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 114,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "__main__.Grok"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 114,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.__class__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 116,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['Y',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " 'Z',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'z',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " 'y',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " 'method',\n",
+       " 'X',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " 'x',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 116,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.__dir__()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 118,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'Grok' object has no attribute ' x'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-118-5fc90bfc953f>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mgetattr\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mgrok\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m' x'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'Grok' object has no attribute ' x'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "getattr(grok,' x')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 119,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 119,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 122,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "getattr(grok, 'method')()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 123,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 124,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 124,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "getattr(grok, 'X')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 125,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "setattr(grok, 'a',  123)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 126,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "123"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 126,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 128,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "delattr(grok, 'a')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 129,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "AttributeError",
+     "evalue": "'Grok' object has no attribute 'a'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-129-b5cce778372b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mgrok\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'Grok' object has no attribute 'a'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 140,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.__dict = {'x': 1, 'y': 2}\n",
+    "        self.a = 3\n",
+    "        self.x = 5\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __getattr__(self, name):\n",
+    "        print('get {0}'.format(name))\n",
+    "        return self.__dict.get(name)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 141,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok = Grok()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 138,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "get x\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 138,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 139,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 139,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 142,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 142,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "switch(s) {\n",
+    "    case a:\n",
+    "      kkk\n",
+    "    case b:\n",
+    "    xxxx\n",
+    "    defaut:xxx\n",
+    "}"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Switch:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, s):\n",
+    "        self.s = s\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method_a(self):\n",
+    "        pass\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __call__(self):\n",
+    "        getattr(self, self.s)()\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __getattr__(self, name):\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    __dict = {}\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __getattr__(self, name):\n",
+    "        return self.__dict.get(name)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __getattrute__(self, name):\n",
+    "        return self.__dict.get(name)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 143,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    def method_a(self):\n",
+    "        pass\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method_b(self):\n",
+    "        pass\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method_default(self):\n",
+    "        pass\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __getattr__(self, name):\n",
+    "        return self.method_default\n",
+    "        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "getattr(grok, config.get('method'))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### with语句与 `__enter__` ` __exit__`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "f = open('./notes.adoc')\n",
+    "f.readline()\n",
+    "f.close()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "pymysql.connect()\n",
+    "...\n",
+    "pymysq.close()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "socket.connect()\n",
+    ".....\n",
+    "socket.close()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "with open('./notes.adoc') as f:\n",
+    "    f.readline()\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 145,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Resouce:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        print('init')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __enter__(self):\n",
+    "        print('enter')\n",
+    "        print(self)\n",
+    "        return self\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        print('exit')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 146,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "init\n",
+      "enter\n",
+      "<__main__.Resouce object at 0x7f00d443f588>\n",
+      "<__main__.Resouce object at 0x7f00d443f588>\n",
+      "exit\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "with Resouce() as res:\n",
+    "    print(res)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### 描述器"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 147,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Point:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x, y):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "        self.y = y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 168,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Number:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
+    "        self.name = name\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def __get__(self, instance, cls):\n",
+    "        print('get')\n",
+    "        if instance is not None:\n",
+    "            return instance.__dict__[self.name]\n",
+    "        return self\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __set__(self, instance, value):\n",
+    "        print('set')\n",
+    "        if isinstance(value, (int, float)):\n",
+    "            instance.__dict__[self.name] = value\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            raise TypeError('excepted int or float')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __delete__(self, instance):\n",
+    "        del instance.__dict__[self.name]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 169,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Point:\n",
+    "    x = Number('x')\n",
+    "    y = Number('y')\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x, y):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "        self.y = y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 156,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "set\n",
+      "set\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "point = Point(1, 2)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 157,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "get\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 157,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "point.x # Point.x.__get__(point, Point)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 158,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "get\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "2"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 158,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "point.y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 153,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "excepted int or float",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-153-16182177987c>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;34m'x'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-148-c34fbae32e38>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__set__\u001b[1;34m(self, instance, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m     10\u001b[0m             \u001b[0minstance\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__dict__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m     11\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;32melse\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m---> 12\u001b[1;33m             \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mTypeError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'excepted int or float'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m     13\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m     14\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m__delete__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minstance\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: excepted int or float"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "point.x = 'x' # Point.y.__set__(point, value)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 163,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Spam:\n",
+    "    def spam(self):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 164,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def grok(self):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 165,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = Spam()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 166,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<bound method Spam.grok of <__main__.Spam object at 0x7f00d4438198>>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 166,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.__get__(s, Spam)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 167,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<bound method Spam.spam of <__main__.Spam object at 0x7f00d4438198>>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 167,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.spam # Spam.spam.__get__(s, Sparm)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 170,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "get\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<__main__.Number at 0x7f00d4461080>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 170,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "Point.x # Point.x.__get__(None, Point)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 171,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Typed:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, name, expected_type):\n",
+    "        self.name = name\n",
+    "        self.expected_type = expected_type\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __get__(self, instance, cls):\n",
+    "        if instance is not None:\n",
+    "            return instance.__dict__[self.name]\n",
+    "        return self\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __set__(self, instance, value):\n",
+    "        if not isinstance(value, self.expected_type):\n",
+    "            raise TypeError('expected type {0}'.format(self.expected_type))\n",
+    "        instance.__dict__[self.name] = value\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __delete__(self, instance):\n",
+    "        del instance.__dict__[self.name]"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 172,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Point:\n",
+    "    x = Typed('x', (int, float))\n",
+    "    y = Typed('y', (int, float))\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x, y):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "        self.y = y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 182,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from functools import wraps\n",
+    "def typeassert(**kwargs):\n",
+    "    def inner(cls):\n",
+    "        @wraps(cls)\n",
+    "        def wrap(**kwargs):\n",
+    "            for k, v in kwargs.items():\n",
+    "                setattr(cls,  k, Typed(k, v))\n",
+    "            return cls\n",
+    "        return wrap\n",
+    "    return inner"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 183,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@typeassert(x=int, y=float, z=str)\n",
+    "class Spam:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x, y, z, m):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "        self.y = y\n",
+    "        self.z = z\n",
+    "        self.m = m"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 185,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = Spam(x=1, y=1.2, z='test', m=123)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 186,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Property:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, fget=None,  fset=None, fdel=None):\n",
+    "        self.fget = fget\n",
+    "        self.fset = fset\n",
+    "        self.fdel = fdel\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __get__(self, instance, cls):\n",
+    "        if self.fget is not None:\n",
+    "            return self.fget(instance)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __set__(self, instance, value):\n",
+    "        if self.fset is not None:\n",
+    "            self.fset(instance, value)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __delete__(self, instance):\n",
+    "        if self.fdel is not None:\n",
+    "            self.fdel(instance)\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def getter(self, fn):\n",
+    "        self.fget = fn\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def setter(self, fn):\n",
+    "        self.fset = fn\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    def deler(self, fn):\n",
+    "        self.fdel = fn"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 198,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Spam:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, val):\n",
+    "        self.__val = val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @Property\n",
+    "    def val(self):\n",
+    "        return self.__val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @val.setter\n",
+    "    def set_val(self, value):\n",
+    "        self.__val = value"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 199,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = Spam(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 200,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 200,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.val  # Spam.val.__get__(s, Spam)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 201,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s.val = 4 # Spam.val.__set__(s, value)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 202,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 202,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 193,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "NoneType"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 193,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(s.val)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 194,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['_Spam__val',\n",
+       " '__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'val']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 194,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(s)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 203,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassProperty:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, fn):\n",
+    "        self.fn = fn\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __get__(self, instance, cls):\n",
+    "        return self.fn(cls)\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 207,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Spam:\n",
+    "    __val = 3\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @ClassProperty\n",
+    "    def val(cls):\n",
+    "        return cls.__val\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    @ClassProperty\n",
+    "    def name(cls):\n",
+    "        return cls.__name__.lower()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 208,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "s = Spam()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 206,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 206,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.val"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 209,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'spam'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 209,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "s.name"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 210,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassMethod:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, fn):\n",
+    "        self.fn = fn\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __get__(self, instance, cls):\n",
+    "        return self.fn(cls)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "**描述器其实是一个传递协议**"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/006/exc.py b/006/exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97b0d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/006/exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+def gen():
+    c = 0
+    while True:
+        yield 0
+        c += 1
+        if c > 3:
+            raise GeneratorExit()
+
+for x in gen():
+    print(x)
diff --git a/006/key.py b/006/key.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c38238
--- /dev/null
+++ b/006/key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+try:
+    while True:
+        print('ha ha ha')
+except KeyboardInterrupt:
+    print('exit...')
diff --git "a/006/\345\274\202\345\270\270\345\244\204\347\220\206.ipynb" "b/006/\345\274\202\345\270\270\345\244\204\347\220\206.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce7ed21
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/006/\345\274\202\345\270\270\345\244\204\347\220\206.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# 异常处理"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "SyntaxError",
+     "evalue": "invalid syntax (<ipython-input-1-544796b72060>, line 1)",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;36m  File \u001b[1;32m\"<ipython-input-1-544796b72060>\"\u001b[1;36m, line \u001b[1;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;33m    if True abc\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;37m              ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;31m:\u001b[0m invalid syntax\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "if True abc"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
+     "evalue": "division by zero",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-2-a0641230c7a8>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m/\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "3/0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "start\n",
+      "division by zero\n",
+      "finally\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "try:\n",
+    "    print('start')\n",
+    "    3/0\n",
+    "    print('end')\n",
+    "except ZeroDivisionError as e:\n",
+    "    print(e)\n",
+    "finally:\n",
+    "    print('finally')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "division by zero\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "try:\n",
+    "    3/0\n",
+    "except SyntaxError as e:\n",
+    "    print(e)\n",
+    "except ZeroDivisionError as e:\n",
+    "    print(e)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Exception\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "try:\n",
+    "    3/0\n",
+    "except Exception:\n",
+    "    print('Exception')\n",
+    "except ZeroDivisionError:\n",
+    "    print('ZeroDivisionError')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "ha ha ha\n",
+      "finally\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def p():\n",
+    "    print('ha ha ha')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "def main():\n",
+    "    try:\n",
+    "        return p()\n",
+    "    finally:\n",
+    "        print('finally')\n",
+    "\n",
+    "main()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "try:\n",
+    "    f = open('./Untitled.ipynb')\n",
+    "    3/i\n",
+    "except:\n",
+    "    print('eeeeee')\n",
+    "finally:\n",
+    "    f.close()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class InputLessZeroException(Exception):\n",
+    "    pass\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def fn(i):\n",
+    "    if i < 0:\n",
+    "        raise InputLessZeroException()\n",
+    "        \n",
+    "    "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "division by zero\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "def fn():\n",
+    "    3/0\n",
+    "\n",
+    "def main():\n",
+    "    fn()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "try:    \n",
+    "    main()\n",
+    "except Exception as e:\n",
+    "    print(e)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class MyException(Exception):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "MyException",
+     "evalue": "exception",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mMyException\u001b[0m                               Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-12-c6b10bf8a778>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mMyException\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'exception'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mMyException\u001b[0m: exception"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "raise MyException('exception')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "abc\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "try:\n",
+    "    raise MyException('abc')\n",
+    "except MyException as e:\n",
+    "    print(e)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/007/bar.py b/007/bar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41fb31e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/bar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from foo import fn as foo
+
+
+def fn():
+    foo()
+    print('im bar')
diff --git a/007/foo.py b/007/foo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3406e83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/foo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from bar import fn as bar
+
+
+def fn():
+    bar()
+    print('im foo')
diff --git a/007/m/__init__.py b/007/m/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/007/m/bar.py b/007/m/bar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf46538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/m/bar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from .foo import fn
+
+
+def bar():
+    fn()
diff --git a/007/m/foo.py b/007/m/foo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c8c4c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/m/foo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+def fn():
+    print('i am in magedu.foo')
diff --git a/007/m/sub/__init__.py b/007/m/sub/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/007/m/sub/sub/__init__.py b/007/m/sub/sub/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/007/m/sub/sub/y.py b/007/m/sub/sub/y.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac4c3e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/m/sub/sub/y.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from ...foo import fn
+
+
+def y():
+    fn()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/007/m/sub/x.py b/007/m/sub/x.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f165cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/m/sub/x.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from ..foo import fn
+
+def x():
+    fn()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/007/magedu_007.iml b/007/magedu_007.iml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad3c0a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/magedu_007.iml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<module type="PYTHON_MODULE" version="4">
+  <component name="NewModuleRootManager" inherit-compiler-output="true">
+    <exclude-output />
+    <content url="file://$MODULE_DIR$" />
+    <orderEntry type="inheritedJdk" />
+    <orderEntry type="sourceFolder" forTests="false" />
+  </component>
+</module>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/007/main.py b/007/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f94c176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from foo import fn
+
+fn()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/007/requirments.txt b/007/requirments.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0502f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/requirments.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+Jinja2==2.8
+MarkupSafe==0.23
+Pygments==2.1.3
+backports-abc==0.4
+decorator==4.0.9
+ipykernel==4.3.1
+ipython==4.1.2
+ipython-genutils==0.1.0
+ipywidgets==4.1.1
+jsonschema==2.5.1
+jupyter==1.0.0
+jupyter-client==4.2.0
+jupyter-console==4.1.1
+jupyter-core==4.0.6
+m==0.1.0
+mistune==0.7.2
+nbconvert==4.1.0
+nbformat==4.0.1
+notebook==4.1.0
+path.py==8.1.2
+pexpect==4.0.1
+pickleshare==0.6
+ptyprocess==0.5.1
+pyzmq==15.2.0
+qtconsole==4.2.0
+requests==2.9.0
+simplegeneric==0.8.1
+terminado==0.6
+tornado==4.3
+traitlets==4.1.0
diff --git a/007/setup.py b/007/setup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df585d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/007/setup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from setuptools import setup, find_packages
+
+setup(
+    name='m',
+    version='0.1.0',
+    packages=find_packages(),
+    install_requires=['requests>=2.9.0']
+)
diff --git "a/007/\346\250\241\345\235\227\345\214\226.ipynb" "b/007/\346\250\241\345\235\227\345\214\226.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97400eb
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/007/\346\250\241\345\235\227\345\214\226.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 1,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import sys"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'Copyright (c) 2001-2014 Python Software Foundation.\\nAll Rights Reserved.\\n\\nCopyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.\\nAll Rights Reserved.\\n\\nCopyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.\\nAll Rights Reserved.\\n\\nCopyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.\\nAll Rights Reserved.'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 2,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "sys.copyright"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Copyright (c) 2001-2014 Python Software Foundation.\n",
+      "All Rights Reserved.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.\n",
+      "All Rights Reserved.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.\n",
+      "All Rights Reserved.\n",
+      "\n",
+      "Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.\n",
+      "All Rights Reserved.\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(sys.copyright)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from os import path"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'c'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 5,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "path.basename('/a/b/c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import os"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'c'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 7,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "os.path.basename('/a/b/c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from os.path import basename"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'c'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "basename('/a/b/c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import os.path"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import tornado.web"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from tornado.web import RequestHandler"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class MainHandler(RequestHandler):\n",
+    "    pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def basename():\n",
+    "    return 'ha ha ha'"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from os import path"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "from os.path import basename as os_basename"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'c'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 18,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "os_basename('/a/b/c')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "'ha ha ha'"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "basename()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "import sys as system"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git a/008/expr.py b/008/expr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e9e671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/008/expr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+
+
+from stack import Stack
+
+func_map = {
+    '+': lambda x, y: x+y,
+    '*': lambda x, y: x*y,
+    '/': lambda x, y: x/y,
+    '-': lambda x, y: x-y
+}
+
+# (3 + 4) * 5 / ((2+3) *3)
+def cacl(expr):
+    stack = Stack()
+    for c in expr:
+        if c in '(+-*/':
+            stack.push(c)
+        elif c.strip() == '':
+            pass
+        else:
+            if c != ')':
+                c = int(c)
+                if stack.top.value in '+-/*':
+                    s = stack.pop()
+                    if not isinstance(stack.top.value, (int, float)):
+                        raise Exception('wrong expr')
+                    v = stack.pop()
+                    v = func_map[s](v, c)
+                    stack.push(v)
+                else:
+                    stack.push(c)
+            if c == ')':
+                if isinstance(stack.top.value, (int, float)):
+                    v = stack.pop()
+                    if stack.top.value == '(':
+                        stack.pop()
+                        stack.push(v)
+                    else:
+                        raise Exception('wrong expr')
+                else:
+                    raise Exception('wrong expr')
+    while stack.top:
+        c = stack.pop()
+        if not isinstance(c, (int, float)):
+            raise Exception('wrong expr')
+        if stack.top.value in '+-/*':
+            s = stack.pop()
+            if not isinstance(stack.top.value, (int, float)):
+                raise Exception('wrong expr')
+            v = stack.pop()
+            v = func_map[s](v, c)
+            if stack.top is None:
+                return v
+            stack.push(v)
+        else:
+            raise Exception('wrong expr')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    print(cacl('(3 + 4) * 5 / ((2+3) *3)'))
+
+#TODO 实现带优先级的算术表达式解析
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/008/heap.py b/008/heap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dd35f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/008/heap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import math
+import random
+
+
+class Heap:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.__data = []
+
+    def insert(self, value):
+        self.__data.append(value)
+        idx = len(self.__data) - 1
+        parent = math.floor((idx - 1) / 2)
+        while parent >= 0 and self.__data[parent] < value:
+            self.__data[idx] = self.__data[parent]
+            self.__data[parent] = value
+            idx = parent
+            parent = math.floor((idx - 1) / 2)
+
+    def pop(self):
+        if not self.__data:
+            raise Exception('Empty')
+        ret = self.__data[0]
+        value = self.__data.pop()
+        self.__data[0] = value
+        idx = 0
+        left = 2 * idx + 1
+        right = 2 * idx + 2
+        while len(self.__data) > left:
+            tmp_idx = left
+            if len(self.__data) > right and self.__data[right] > self.__data[left]:
+                tmp_idx = right
+            if self.__data[tmp_idx] > value:
+                self.__data[idx] = self.__data[tmp_idx]
+                self.__data[tmp_idx] = value
+            else:
+                return ret
+            idx = tmp_idx
+            left = 2 * idx + 1
+            right = 2 * idx + 2
+        return ret
+
+    def remove(self, i):
+        if len(self.__data) - 1 < i:
+            raise Exception('Empty')
+        ret = self.__data[i]
+        value = self.__data.pop()
+        self.__data[i] = value
+        idx = i
+        left = 2 * idx + 1
+        right = 2 * idx + 2
+        while len(self.__data) > left:
+            tmp_idx = left
+            if len(self.__data) > right and self.__data[right] > self.__data[left]:
+                tmp_idx = right
+            if self.__data[tmp_idx] > value:
+                self.__data[idx] = self.__data[tmp_idx]
+                self.__data[tmp_idx] = value
+            else:
+                return ret
+            idx = tmp_idx
+            left = 2 * idx + 1
+            right = 2 * idx + 2
+        return ret
+
+    def view(self):
+        print(self.__data)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    heap = Heap()
+    for _ in range(8):
+        i = random.randint(0, 100)
+        print('i is ', i)
+        heap.insert(i)
+    heap.view()
+    #heap.pop()
+    heap.remove(1)
+    heap.view()
diff --git a/008/linklist.py b/008/linklist.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e41a528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/008/linklist.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        self.data = data
+        self.next = None
+
+
+class LinkedList:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.head = None
+        self.tail = None
+
+    def append(self, data):
+        node = Node(data)
+        if self.head is None:
+            self.head = node
+            self.tail = node
+        else:
+            self.tail.next = node
+            self.tail = node
+
+    def iter(self):
+        if not self.head:
+            return
+        cur = self.head
+        yield cur.data
+        while cur.next:
+            cur = cur.next
+            yield cur.data
+
+    def insert(self, idx, value):
+        cur = self.head
+        cur_idx = 0
+        while cur_idx < idx-1:
+            cur = cur.next
+            if cur is None:
+                raise Exception('list length less than index')
+            cur_idx += 1
+        node = Node(value)
+        node.next = cur.next
+        cur.next = node
+        if node.next is None:
+            self.tail = node
+
+    def remove(self, idx):
+        cur = self.head
+        cur_idx = 0
+        while cur_idx < idx-1:
+            cur = cur.next
+            if cur is None:
+                raise Exception('list length less than index')
+            cur_idx += 1
+        cur.next = cur.next.next
+        if cur.next is None:
+            self.tail = cur
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    linked_list = LinkedList()
+    for i in range(10):
+        linked_list.append(i)
+
+    linked_list.insert(3, 30)
+
+    linked_list.remove(4)
+
+    for node in linked_list.iter():
+        print(node)
+
+#TODO 判空
+#TODO 实现 __len__
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/008/map.py b/008/map.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13511a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/008/map.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, key, value):
+        self.key = key
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.key == other.key
+
+
+class Map:
+    def __init__(self, init_size, hash=hash):
+        self.__slot = [[] for _ in range(init_size)]
+        # for _ in range(init_size):
+        #     self.__slot.append([])
+        self.__size = init_size
+        self.hash = hash
+
+    def put(self, key, value):
+        node = Node(key, value)
+        address = self.hash(node.key) % self.__size
+        self.__slot[address].append(node)
+
+    def get(self, key, default=None):
+        _key = self.hash(key)
+        address = _key % self.__size
+        for node in self.__slot[address]:
+            if node.key == key:
+                return node.value
+        return default
+
+    def remove(self, key):
+        address = self.hash(key) % self.__size
+        try:
+            self.__slot[address].remove(Node(key, None))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        # for idx, node in enumerate(self.__slot[address].copy()):
+        #     if node.key == key:
+        #         self.__slot[address].pop(idx)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    map = Map(16)
+
+    for i in range(20):
+        map.put(i, i)
+
+    map.remove(3)
+    for i in range(20):
+        print(map.get(i, 'not set'))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/008/rule_parser.py b/008/rule_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f675fce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/008/rule_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# #expr# &  | ! ()
+
+# (#e1# & #e2#) |(!#e3# & #e4#)
+
+from stack import Stack
+# '(#abc# & #324#) | (!#def# & #789#)'
+
+def match(exprs, line, fn):
+    stack = Stack()
+    is_expr = False
+    expr = []
+    for c in exprs:
+        if c == '#':
+            if not is_expr:
+                is_expr = True
+            else:
+                is_expr = False
+                v = fn(line, ''.join(expr))
+                expr = []
+                if stack.top is None:
+                    stack.push(v)
+                    continue
+                s = stack.pop()
+                if s == '!':
+                    v = not v
+                    if stack.top is None:
+                        stack.push(v)
+                        continue
+                    s = stack.pop()
+                if s == '&':
+                    if isinstance(stack.top.value, bool):
+                        v = stack.pop() and v
+                        stack.push(v)
+                    else:
+                        raise Exception('wrong expr')
+                elif s == '|':
+                    if isinstance(stack.top.value, bool):
+                        v = stack.pop() or v
+                        stack.push(v)
+                    else:
+                        raise Exception('wrong expr')
+                elif s == '(':
+                    stack.push(s)
+                    stack.push(v)
+                else:
+                    raise Exception('wrong expr')
+        else:
+            if is_expr:
+                expr.append(c)
+            else:
+                if c in '(&!|':
+                    stack.push(c)
+                elif c.strip() == '':
+                    pass
+                elif c == ')':
+                    v = stack.pop()
+                    if not isinstance(v, bool):
+                        raise Exception('wrong expr')
+                    s = stack.pop()
+                    if s == '!':
+                        v = not v
+                        s = stack.pop()
+                    if s == '(':
+                        stack.push(v)
+                    else:
+                        raise Exception('wrong expr')
+                else:
+                    raise Exception('wrong expr')
+
+    while stack.top:
+        v = stack.pop()
+        if not isinstance(v, bool):
+            raise Exception('wrong expr')
+        s = stack.pop()
+        if s == '!':
+            v = not v
+            s = stack.pop()
+        if s == '&':
+            v2 = stack.pop()
+            if not isinstance(v2, bool):
+                raise Exception('wrong expr')
+            v = v and v2
+        elif s == '|':
+            v2 = stack.pop()
+            if not isinstance(v2, bool):
+                raise Exception('wrong expr')
+            v = v or v2
+        else:
+            raise Exception('wrong expr')
+        if stack.top is None:
+            return v
+        else:
+            stack.push(v)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    import re
+    line = 'abc 123 def 456 asd 789'
+    exprs = '(#abc# & #324#) | (!#def# & #789#)' # False
+
+    def callback(line, expr):
+        return re.match(expr, line) is not None
+
+    print(match(exprs, line, callback))
+
+#TODO 优化两个程序， 使其模块化
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/008/stack.py b/008/stack.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4915f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/008/stack.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+        self.next = None
+
+
+class Stack:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.top = None
+
+    def push(self, value):
+        node = Node(value)
+        node.next = self.top
+        self.top = node
+
+    def pop(self):
+        node = self.top
+        self.top = node.next
+        return node.value
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    stack = Stack()
+    exp = '({a * [x/(x+y)]}'
+    for c in exp:
+        if c in '{[(':
+            stack.push(c)
+        elif c in '}])':
+            v = stack.top.value
+            if c == '}' and v != '{':
+                raise Exception('failed')
+            if c == ']' and v != '[':
+                raise Exception('failed')
+            if c == ')' and v != '(':
+                raise Exception('failed')
+            stack.pop()
+    if stack.top is not None:
+        raise Exception('failed')
+    print("ok")
diff --git a/008/tree.py b/008/tree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46046f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/008/tree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+from stack import Stack
+from queue import Queue
+
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+        self.left = None
+        self.right = None
+
+
+class Tree:
+    def __init__(self, node):
+        self.root = node
+
+    def add_left(self, tree):
+        self.root.left = tree
+
+    def add_right(self, tree):
+        self.root.right = tree
+
+    @property
+    def left(self):
+        return self.root.left
+
+    @property
+    def right(self):
+        return self.root.right
+
+    def visit_first(self, fn):
+        fn(self.root.value)
+        if self.left:
+            self.left.visit_first(fn)
+        if self.right:
+            self.right.visit_first(fn)
+
+    def visit_middle(self, fn):
+        if self.left:
+            self.left.visit_middle(fn)
+        fn(self.root.value)
+        if self.right:
+            self.right.visit_middle(fn)
+
+    def visit_last(self, fn):
+        if self.left:
+            self.left.visit_last(fn)
+        if self.right:
+            self.right.visit_last(fn)
+        fn(self.root.value)
+
+    def iter_visit_first(self, fn):
+        stack = Stack()
+        stack.push(self)
+        while stack.top:
+            p = stack.pop()
+            fn(p.root.value)
+            if p.right:
+                stack.push(p.right)
+            if p.left:
+                stack.push(p.left)
+
+    def visit_level(self, fn):
+        queue = Queue()
+        queue.put(self)
+
+        while not queue.empty():
+            p = queue.get()
+            fn(p.root.value)
+            if p.left:
+                queue.put(p.left)
+            if p.right:
+                queue.put(p.right)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    d = Tree(Node('D'))
+    e = Tree(Node('E'))
+    b = Tree(Node('B'))
+    b.add_left(d)
+    b.add_right(e)
+    f = Tree(Node('F'))
+    g = Tree(Node('G'))
+    c = Tree(Node('C'))
+    c.add_left(f)
+    c.add_right(g)
+    a = Tree(Node('A'))
+    a.add_left(b)
+    a.add_right(c)
+
+    from functools import partial
+    p = partial(print, end='')
+    a.visit_first(p)
+    print()
+    a.iter_visit_first(p)
+    print()
+    a.visit_middle(p)
+    print()
+    a.visit_last(p)
+    print()
+    a.visit_level(p)
+
+#TODO 中序、后序便利的非第归方法
+
+# ABDECFG first
+# DBEAFCG middle
+# DEBFGCA last
+
+# ABCDEFG
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/Python\347\274\226\347\250\213\345\237\272\347\241\200.xmind" "b/Python\347\274\226\347\250\213\345\237\272\347\241\200.xmind"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1e630e
Binary files /dev/null and "b/Python\347\274\226\347\250\213\345\237\272\347\241\200.xmind" differ
diff --git a/notes/.python-version b/notes/.python-version
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bec3a35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/.python-version
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+system
diff --git a/notes/20160221.adoc b/notes/20160221.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..380353e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/20160221.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+= 课堂回顾
+2016-02-21
+
+== 环境准备
+
+=== 安装pyenv
+
+* yum -y install git gcc make patch zlib-devel gdbm-devel openssl-devel sqlite-devel bzip2-devel readline-devel
+* curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yyuu/pyenv-installer/master/bin/pyenv-installer | bash
+
+=== pyenv 使用
+
+* pyenv install 3.4.2
+* pyenv virtualenv 3.4.2 magedu
+* pyenv local magedu
+
+=== ipython 安装
+
+* pip install ipython
+* pip install jupyter
+* jupyter notebook
+
+
+== Python基础语法
+
+=== 常量、变量、操作符、表达式
+
+* 字面常量
+* 变量
+* 数据类型
+* 操作符 特别注意出发操作 /
+* 操作符优先级
+* 表达式  特殊注意 逻辑操作的 *短路*
+
+=== 程序控制结构
+
+==== 顺序结构
+
+默认结构
+
+==== 分支结构
+
+* if 语句
+* if else 语句
+* if elif else 语句
+* 永远只有一个分支会被执行
+
+=== 循环结构
+* while语句
+* for in 语句
+* for in的循环体里面永远不要修改迭代器
+* break语句
+* continue语句
+* else字句以及使用场景
+
+== 内置数据结构
+
+=== 列表
+
+* 创建列表 [] list()
+* 列表的增删改查操作
+
+=== 元组
+
+* 创建元组 () tupel()
+* 元组不可变
+* 仅有的两个操作 index count
+
+=== 下标操作与切片
+
+* 通过下标访问元素
+* 切片 返回一个区间 [start:stop:step]
+* 切片的每个参数都可以是正整数，也可以是负整数
+* 切片每个参数的含义
+* 切片每个参数的默认值， start=0, stop=len(li) step=1
+
+=== 集合
+
+* 创建集合 {1， 2， 3}，set()
+* 集合的增删
+* 集合的集合操作
+
+=== 字典
+
+* 创建字典 {} , dict()
+* 字典的遍历 keys, values, items
+* get 方法, 当key不存在的时候返回默认值， 默认的默认值是None
+* pop,popitem 方法， 从字典中删除元素
+
diff --git a/notes/20160227-1.adoc b/notes/20160227-1.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bd3a61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/20160227-1.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+== dict
+
+* 初始化
+* 获取元素， 下标操作和get
+* 修改元素
+* 删除元素 pop popitem del
+* 遍历 keys values items
+
+
+== 列表解析
+
+* 基本语法 [expr for item in iterator]
+* 带条件
+* 带多个条件的 相当and
+* 多个迭代器 相当于嵌套的循环
+* 集合解析
+* 字典解析
+
+
+== 字符串
+
+* 字符串是线性结构 切片 成员运算符 可以迭代
+* 字符串格式化 print style， format方法
+* 字符串的若干操作 join split strip replace startswith endswith
+* str 和bytes区别和相互转化 Python2 和Python3处理字符串的一些区别
diff --git a/notes/20160227-2.adoc b/notes/20160227-2.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea096e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/20160227-2.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+== 函数
+
+=== 函数的基本语法
+
+* 定义函数
+* 调用函数
+
+=== 函数的参数
+* 基本语法
+* 位置参数和关键字参数
+* 默认参数
+* 可变参数
+* 参数的规则
+* 默认的坑
+
+=== 函数的返回值
+
+* 默认返回None
+* 通过unpacking变相的返回多值 其实返回的是一个元组tuple
+* 提前返回
+
+=== 第归函数
+
+* 调用自己的函数
+* 一定要有退出条件
+* 第归最大深度1000
+* 尽量少用第归
+
+=== 变量作用域和全局变量
+
+* 变量作用域 变量的可见范围
+* 全局变量
+* 局部作用域 赋值会生成新的局部变量， 除非global关键字
+* 尽量少用全局变量
+* globals() 和 locals()
+
+=== 函数的执行流程
+
+=== 生成器
+
+* 生成器的原理
+* 生成器的一些应用， 惰性求值， range xrange
+
diff --git a/notes/20160228.adoc b/notes/20160228.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32189ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/20160228.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+== 函数作为一等公民 first class
+
+=== 高阶函数 接收函数作为参数
+
+=== 函数作为返回值
+
+* 柯里化以及应用
+* functools.partial及其应用
+
+=== 装饰器
+
+* 装饰器的原理
+* 带参数的装饰器
+* 现实世界中的装饰 -- 装饰器的作用
+* functools.wraps 的作用
+
+=== 匿名函数
diff --git a/notes/20160305-1.adoc b/notes/20160305-1.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8927122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/20160305-1.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+= 面向对象
+
+== 哲学、方法学
+
+* 编程範式
+* OOP
+* OOP 的三大特征 封装 继承 多态
+* OOP 的本质 对数据和行为的封装 
+
+== 类和对象
+
+* 定义类
+* 定义方法， self指什么
+* 构造方法 __init__
+* __init__ 中的self是从那里来的， 以__init__ 方法作什么
+
+
+== 封装
+
+* 实例级 只有实例可以访问
+** 实例变量 
+** 实例方法
+
+* 类级 类和实例都可以访问， 所有实例共享， 为什么对不变对象的重新复制，为什么其他实例不可见
+** 类变量
+** 类方法
+
+* 私有与共有
+** 私有的只是类内部可以访问
+** 共有的， 类外部也可以访问
+
+* 属性 property getter 和 setter
+
+
diff --git a/notes/20160305-2.adoc b/notes/20160305-2.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db2d7fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/20160305-2.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+== 继承
+
+* 继承一般语法
+* 默认继承自object
+* 父类对子类的可见性 父类的私有变量和私有方法 对子类是不可见
+* super 方法和 super对象
+
+== 多继承
+* 允许多继承
+* mro与C3算法
+* 尽量避免使用多继承
+* MixIn 用法，原则
+
+== 魔术方法/特殊方法
+
+* 总是以双下划线开始，双下划线结束
+* 实例的创建与销毁
+* 实例的可视化 repr str bytes
+* 比较运算符的重载
diff --git a/notes/20160307.adoc b/notes/20160307.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd3c162
--- /dev/null
+++ b/notes/20160307.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+== 魔术方法
+
+* bool 与 \\__bool__ \\__len__
+* hash 与 \\__hash__
+* 反射 \\__dict__ \\__dir__ \\__getattr__ \\__setattr__  dir getattr setattr
+* 描述器  \\__get__ \\__set__ \\__delete__ 
+* 描述器 其实是一个方法传递 instance.property 等价于  Class.property.\\__get__(instance, Class)
+* instance.property = value  等价于 Class.property.\\__set__(instance, value)
+* del instance.property 等价于 Class.proppert.\\__delete__(instance)
+* @property @classmathod
diff --git "a/000_\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\207\206\345\244\207.adoc" "b/presentations/000_\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\207\206\345\244\207.adoc"
similarity index 100%
rename from "000_\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\207\206\345\244\207.adoc"
rename to "presentations/000_\347\216\257\345\242\203\345\207\206\345\244\207.adoc"
diff --git "a/001_\345\237\272\347\241\200\350\257\255\346\263\225.adoc" "b/presentations/001_\345\237\272\347\241\200\350\257\255\346\263\225.adoc"
similarity index 98%
rename from "001_\345\237\272\347\241\200\350\257\255\346\263\225.adoc"
rename to "presentations/001_\345\237\272\347\241\200\350\257\255\346\263\225.adoc"
index 91bbcee..badadfd 100644
--- "a/001_\345\237\272\347\241\200\350\257\255\346\263\225.adoc"
+++ "b/presentations/001_\345\237\272\347\241\200\350\257\255\346\263\225.adoc"
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ Python中有两种循环结构：
 * `for` 语句
 
 === `while` 语句
-循环执行，直到满足条件，循环体内修改条件
+循环执行，知道条件不满足，循环体内修改条件
 [source,python]
 ----
 while condition:
diff --git "a/002_\345\206\205\347\275\256\345\256\271\345\231\250.adoc" "b/presentations/002_\345\206\205\347\275\256\345\256\271\345\231\250.adoc"
similarity index 100%
rename from "002_\345\206\205\347\275\256\345\256\271\345\231\250.adoc"
rename to "presentations/002_\345\206\205\347\275\256\345\256\271\345\231\250.adoc"
diff --git "a/003_\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\344\270\216\346\226\207\346\234\254\346\223\215\344\275\234.adoc" "b/presentations/003_\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\344\270\216\346\226\207\346\234\254\346\223\215\344\275\234.adoc"
similarity index 100%
rename from "003_\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\344\270\216\346\226\207\346\234\254\346\223\215\344\275\234.adoc"
rename to "presentations/003_\345\255\227\347\254\246\344\270\262\344\270\216\346\226\207\346\234\254\346\223\215\344\275\234.adoc"
diff --git "a/004_\345\207\275\346\225\260.adoc" "b/presentations/004_\345\207\275\346\225\260.adoc"
similarity index 100%
rename from "004_\345\207\275\346\225\260.adoc"
rename to "presentations/004_\345\207\275\346\225\260.adoc"
diff --git "a/presentations/005_\351\235\242\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc" "b/presentations/005_\351\235\242\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1358f2
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/presentations/005_\351\235\242\345\220\221\345\257\271\350\261\241.adoc"
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+= 面向对象
+comyn <me@xueming.li>
+v1.0
+:source-highlighter: pygments
+:revealjs_history: false
+:revealjs_center: false
+:revealjs_embedded: true
+:revealjsdir: ../reveal.js
+:imagesdir: ../assets/images/5
+:homepage: http://www.magedu.com
+
+== 编程范式
+
+[%step]
+* 编程范式指的是软件工程中的一种方法学
+* 常见的编程范式有：OOP、FP、PP、IP
+* 通常每种语言都会提倡一些范式，也有的语言支持多种范式
+* Python是一种多范式语言，但是对OOP支持最好
+
+== OOP的基本概念
+
+=== 基本哲学
+
+[%step]
+* 世界是由对象组成的
+* 对象具有运动规律和内部状态
+* 对象之间的相互作用和通讯构成世界
+
+=== 对象的特性
+
+[%step]
+* 唯一性：世界上没有两片相同的树叶
+* 分类性：分类是对现实世界的抽象
+
+=== OOP的三大特征
+
+[%step]
+* 继承
+* 多态
+* 封装
+
+=== 面向对象的本质
+
+[%step]
+* 面向对象是对数据和行为的封装
+* 但是有时候，数据仅仅是数据，方法仅仅是方法
+
+== 组织数据
+
+=== !
+
+[source,python]
+----
+data = (13, 63, 5, 378, 58, 40)
+
+def avg(data):
+    return sum(data) / len(data)
+
+print(avg(data))
+----
+
+
+=== 门的例子
+
+[%step]
+* 数据：门牌号、 打开/关闭的状态
+* 操作：打开、关闭
+
+=== 过程化的组织方法
+
+[source,python]
+----
+door1 = [1, 'closed']
+door2 = [1, 'closed']
+
+def open_door(door):
+    door[1] = 'opening'
+    return door
+
+def close_door(door):
+    door[1] = 'close'
+    return door
+----
+
+=== 面向对象的组织方法
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class Door(object):
+    def __init__(self, number, status):
+        self.number = number
+        self.status = status
+
+    def open(self):
+        self.status = 'opening'
+
+    def close(self):
+        self.status = 'closed'
+----
+
+
+== 类的定义与初始化
+
+=== 定义类
+
+[%step]
+[source,python]
+----
+class ClassName:
+----
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class ClassName(parents):
+----
+
+=== 定义方法
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class ClassName(object):
+    def method_name(self, args): # <1> <2>
+        pass
+----
+<1> 第一个参数必须是 `self` 其他的和定义函数没有区别
+<2> `self` 是一个变量，指向对象本身。`self` 可以是任意合法的变量名
+
+=== 构造方法
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class ClassName(object):
+    def __init__(self, arg):
+        pass
+----
+
+=== 实例化
+
+[source,python]
+----
+instance = ClassName(arg) # <1>
+----
+<1> 对象的实例化，其实是调用了类的构造方法。但是 `self` 参数无需传入，解释器会自动传入。
+
+=== 关于构造函数中的 `self`
+
+[%step]
+* 我们说 `实例化其实是调用构造方法`
+* 我们还说 `self指向对象本身`
+* 那么，调用构造方法的时候 `self` 是什么鬼？
+
+=== 关于构造函数中的 `self`
+
+事实上， `\\__init__` 方法并非实例化时执行的第一个方法。当Python实例化一个对象时， 首先调用的是 `\\__new__` 方法，`\\__new__` 方法的第一个参数指向类本身。并且返回类的一个实例。 这个实例正是传递给 `\\__init__` 的 `self` 。所以严格的讲，`\\__new__` 方法才是真正创建实例的方法， 而 `\\__init__` 方法只是初始化实例的数据。
+
+
+== 访问控制
+
+=== 实例变量和实例方法
+
+* 任意实例方法内都可以定义定义实例变量， 通常在构造方法中定义
+* 定义在类中、不加任何装饰器，第一个参数是 `self` 的方法都叫做实例方法
+* 实例变量和实例方法绑定到特定的实例
+
+=== 私有成员
+
+* 以双下划线开始
+* 不以双下划线结束
+
+=== 类变量和类方法
+
+* 类变量定义在所有方法之外
+* 类方法使用 `@classmethod` 装饰器装饰
+* 类方法的第一个参数指向类本身， 通常使用 `cls` 命名
+* 相对于实例变量和实例方法， 类变量和类方法绑定到特定的类
+
+=== 静态方法
+
+* 使用 `@staticmethod` 装饰器装饰
+* 首参无特殊要求
+* 静态方法和普通的函数没有区别
+
+=== 属性
+
+* 使用 `@property`装饰器装饰的方法
+* 属性有 `getter` 、 `setter` 和 `deleter`
+
+== 继承
+
+=== 单继承
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class A(object):
+    pass
+
+class B(A):
+    pass
+----
+
+=== 重写与super
+* 子类中定义父类的同名方法，称之为重写
+* 子类中调用父类的方法， 使用super对象
+* super对象使用super方法生成
+
+=== 多继承
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class A(object):
+    pass
+
+class B(object):
+    pass
+
+class C(A, B):
+    pass
+----
+
+=== 多继承与方法选取
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class A(object):
+    def method(self):
+        print('method of A')
+
+class B(object):
+    def method(self):
+        print('method of B')
+
+class C(A, B):
+    pass
+
+class D(B, A):
+    pass
+
+c = C()
+c.method()
+
+d = D()
+d.method()
+----
+
+=== 多继承与方法选取
+
+[source,python]
+----
+class A(object):
+    def method(self):
+        print('method of A')
+
+class B(A):
+    def method(self):
+        print('method of B')
+
+class C(A, B):
+    pass
+
+class D(B, A):
+    pass
+
+c = C()
+c.method()
+d = D()
+d.method()
+----
+
+=== MRO
+
+* method resolution order
+* 本地优先级： 根据声明顺序从左往右查找
+* 单调性：所有子类中，也应满足其查找顺序
+
+=== C3算法
+
+[source]
+----
+class B(O) -> mro(B) = [B, O]
+class B(A1, A2, ...) -> mro(B) = [B] + merge(mro(A1), mro(A2), ... , [A1, A2, ...])
+----
+
+=== C3算法的merge步骤
+
+* 顺序遍历列表
+* 首元素满足一下条件，否则遍历下一个序列
+** 在其他序列也是首元素
+** 在其他序列里不存在
+* 从所有序列中移除此元素，合并到MRO序列中
+* 重复执行，直到所有序列为空或无法执行下去
+
+=== Mixin
+
+* mixin通过多重集成实现
+* mixin是组合的一种方式
+* mixin类通常需要满足：
+** 不能单独生成实例
+** 不能继承非Mixin的类
+
+== 专有方法/魔术方法
+
+* 总是以双下划线开始
+* 总是以双下划线结束
+
+=== 对象创建与销毁
+
+* `\__new__(cls [, ...])` 创建对象
+* `\__init__(self [, ...])` 初始化对象
+* `\__del__(self)` 销毁对象时调用
+
+=== 可视化对象
+
+* `\\__str__(self)` 当调用 `str(obj)` 时调用此方法, 必须返回一个 `str`
+* `\\__bytes__(self)` 当调用 `bytes(obj)` 时调用此方法， 必须返回一个 `bytes`
+* `\\__repr__(self)` 当调用 `repr(obj)` 时调用此方法，直接print一个对象时，会自动调用 `repr` 方法
+
+=== 比较运算符重载
+
+[cols="6,2", options="header"]
+|===
+|函数原型|运算符
+|obj.\\__lt__(self, other)| obj < other
+|obj.\\__le__(self, other)| obj \<= other
+|obj.\\__eq__(self, other)| obj == other
+|obj.\\__ne__(self, other)| obj != other
+|obj.\\__gt__(self, other)| obj > other
+|obj.\\__ge__(self, other)| obj >= other
+|===
+
+=== `\\__hash__` 与可hash对象
+
+* 当调用 `hash(obj)` 时， 事实上调用的是 `obj.\\__hash__()`
+* 一个对象，实现了 `__hash__(self)` 方法， 称为可hash对象
+
+
+=== `\\__bool__` 方法与bool判断
+
+* `\\__bool__` 方法总是返回 `True` 或 `False`
+* 当定义了 `\\__bool__` 方法时， 调用 `bool(obj)` 实际调用的是 `\\__bool__` 方法
+* 当未定义 `\\__bool__` 方法时， 调用 `bool(obj)` 会调用 `\\__len__` 方法， 返回0时为False， 非0时为True
+* 当 `\\__bool__` 和 `__len__` 都未定义时, `bool(obj)` 永远返回 `True`
+* `if` 和 `while` 等语句的条件，如果不是bool类型， 会自动使用 `bool` 方法，转化为bool类型
+
+=== `\\__call__` 与可调用对象
+
+* 当一个对象实现了 `\\__call__` 方法， 那么它就是一个可调用对象
+* 可调用对象可以向函数一样调用
+
+
+=== `\\__enter__ \\__exit__` 与 `with` 语句
+
+* `with` 语法与用途
+* `\\__enter__` 方法进入
+* `\\__exit__` 方法清理现场
+
+=== 反射
+
+* `\\__getattr__` 与 `\\__getattribute__`
+* `\\__setattr__`
+* `\\__delattr__`
+* `\\__dir__`
+* `\\__dict__` 与 `\\__slots__`
+
+
+=== 描述器
+
+* `\\__get__`
+* `\\__set__`
+* `\\__delete__`
+* 用类实现装饰器
diff --git a/property_classmethod.ipynb b/property_classmethod.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99f55c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/property_classmethod.ipynb
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Property:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None):\n",
+    "        self.fget = fget\n",
+    "        self.fset = fset\n",
+    "        self.fdel = fdel\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __get__(self,  instance, cls):\n",
+    "        if self.fget is not None:\n",
+    "            return self.fget(instance)\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            raise AttributeError('property not define getter')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __set__(self, instance, value):\n",
+    "        if self.fset is not None:\n",
+    "            self.fset(instance, value)\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            raise AttributeError('property not define setter')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __delete__(self, instance):\n",
+    "        if self.fdel is not None:\n",
+    "            self.fdel(instance)\n",
+    "        else:\n",
+    "            raise AttributeError('property not define deleter')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def setter(self, fset):\n",
+    "        self.fset = fset"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "Spam.x.__get__(spam, Spam)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Spam:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x):\n",
+    "        self.__x = x\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    #@Property\n",
+    "    def x(self):\n",
+    "        return self.__x\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    #@x.setter\n",
+    "    def set_x(self, x):\n",
+    "        self.__x = x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "TypeError",
+     "evalue": "x() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-13-d139d5b9aa93>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mSpam\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: x() missing 1 required positional argument: 'self'"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "Spam.x()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "spam = Spam(6)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "6"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 15,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "Spam.x(spam)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "spam = Spam(3)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "spam.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "spam.x = 4"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "4"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 11,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "spam.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ClassMethod:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, fn):\n",
+    "        self.fn = fn\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __get__(self, instance, cls):\n",
+    "        def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "            return self.fn(cls, *args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "        return wrap"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Grok:\n",
+    "    x = '123'\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    #@ClassMethod\n",
+    "    def method(cls):\n",
+    "        print(cls.x)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "123\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "Grok.method(Grok)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "grok = Grok()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "123\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "grok.method()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}
diff --git "a/\345\244\215\344\271\240.ipynb" "b/\345\244\215\344\271\240.ipynb"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b74aee
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/\345\244\215\344\271\240.ipynb"
@@ -0,0 +1,853 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "def info(fn):\n",
+    "    def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        print(fn.__name__)\n",
+    "        kwargs['message'] = 'fuck {0}'.format(kwargs['message'])\n",
+    "        return fn(*args, **kwargs)\n",
+    "    return wrap"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@info\n",
+    "def p(message):\n",
+    "    print(message)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "p\n",
+      "fuck test\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p(message='test')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "info(p)('test')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "routes = {}\n",
+    "def router(url):\n",
+    "    def wrap(fn):\n",
+    "        routes[url] = fn\n",
+    "        return fn\n",
+    "    return wrap"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "@router('/')\n",
+    "def index():\n",
+    "    print('test')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'/': <function __main__.index>}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 19,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "routes"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'/': <function __main__.index>}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 17,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "routes"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Context"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Context:\n",
+    "    def __enter__(self):\n",
+    "        print('enter context')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        print('exit context')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "enter context\n",
+      "ha ha ha\n",
+      "exit context\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "with Context():\n",
+    "    print('ha ha ha')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 26,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Require:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, perm, env):\n",
+    "        self.perm = perm\n",
+    "        self.env = env\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __enter__(self):\n",
+    "        if self.env.perm!= self.perm:\n",
+    "            raise Exception('require {0}'.format(self.perm))\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Env:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, perm):\n",
+    "        self.perm = perm"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "i want write something\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "with Require('write', Env('write')):\n",
+    "    print('i want write something')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.x = 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "a = A()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'x']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 31,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "getattr(a, 'x')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class ConfigValues:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self):\n",
+    "        self.a = 0\n",
+    "        self.b = 1"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "xxxxx = a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "cfg.get('xxxx')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "getattr(ConfigValues(), cfg.get('xxxxx'), default)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "getattr(matcher, 'metch', default)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Spam:\n",
+    "    x = 0\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def method(self):\n",
+    "        pass"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 36,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "spam = Spam()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "spam.x -> Spam.x.__get__(spam, Spam)\n",
+    "spam.x = value -> Spam.x.__set__(spam, value)\n",
+    "del spam.x -> Spam.x.__delete__(spam)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 61,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Positive:\n",
+    "    def __init__(self, name):\n",
+    "        self.name = name\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __set__(self, instance, value):\n",
+    "        if value < 0:\n",
+    "            raise Exception('{0} must be positive')\n",
+    "        instance.__dict__[self.name] = value\n",
+    "\n",
+    "    def __get__(self, instance, cls):\n",
+    "        #return instance.__dict__[self.name]\n",
+    "        return 0"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 62,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Point:\n",
+    "    x = Positive('x')\n",
+    "    y = Positive('y')\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    def __init__(self, x, y):\n",
+    "        self.x = x\n",
+    "        self.y = y\n",
+    "\n",
+    "        "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 63,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "p = Point(3, 5)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 64,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 64,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 65,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "p.x = 1000000"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 66,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "0"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 66,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p.x"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 67,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "['__class__',\n",
+       " '__delattr__',\n",
+       " '__dict__',\n",
+       " '__dir__',\n",
+       " '__doc__',\n",
+       " '__eq__',\n",
+       " '__format__',\n",
+       " '__ge__',\n",
+       " '__getattribute__',\n",
+       " '__gt__',\n",
+       " '__hash__',\n",
+       " '__init__',\n",
+       " '__le__',\n",
+       " '__lt__',\n",
+       " '__module__',\n",
+       " '__ne__',\n",
+       " '__new__',\n",
+       " '__reduce__',\n",
+       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
+       " '__repr__',\n",
+       " '__setattr__',\n",
+       " '__sizeof__',\n",
+       " '__str__',\n",
+       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
+       " '__weakref__',\n",
+       " 'x',\n",
+       " 'y']"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 67,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "dir(p)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 68,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "{'x': 1000000, 'y': 5}"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 68,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p.__dict__"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 59,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "<class '__main__.Point'>.x.__get__(<__main__.Point object at 0x7fdfc805e2b0>, <class '__main__.Point'>)\n"
+     ]
+    },
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "3"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 59,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p.x  # -> Point.x.__get__(p, Point)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 44,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "5"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 44,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p.y"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 60,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "ename": "Exception",
+     "evalue": "{0} must be positive",
+     "output_type": "error",
+     "traceback": [
+      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;31mException\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-60-0f809d3f00de>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mp\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m-\u001b[0m\u001b[1;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
+      "\u001b[1;32m<ipython-input-56-558b26244c90>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__set__\u001b[1;34m(self, instance, value)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      5\u001b[0m     \u001b[1;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0m__set__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0minstance\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      6\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m<\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 7\u001b[1;33m             \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mException\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'{0} must be positive'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m      8\u001b[0m         \u001b[0minstance\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m__dict__\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mname\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mvalue\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m      9\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
+      "\u001b[1;31mException\u001b[0m: {0} must be positive"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "p.x = -3"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class Entity:\n",
+    "    id = Column('id', type=int, unique=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 69,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "class A:\n",
+    "    @staticmethod\n",
+    "    def a():\n",
+    "        print('A.a')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 70,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "A.a\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "A.a()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": true
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.4.2"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 0
+}