Add Word Break algorithm

[AswinPKumar01]

Describe your change:

• Add an algorithm: The Word Break Problem using a backtracking approach, added under the backtracking directory.

The Word Break Problem determines if a given string can be segmented into valid dictionary words. It uses a backtracking approach to explore all possible segmentations and ensures an optimal, non-greedy solution. The algorithm is implemented with proper type hints, docstrings, and doctests to conform to the repository's standards.

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".

[algorithms-keeper]

Click here to look at the relevant links ⬇️

🔗 Relevant Links

Repository:

• Contributing guidelines
• Project Euler solution guidelines

Python:

• Formatted string literals (f-strings)
• Type hints
• doctest
• unittest
• pytest

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[tianyizheng02]

Thanks for your contribution!